In 1977, F.M. Scherer conducted a m

In 1977, F.M. Scherer conducted a major study of antitrust, consent-
related compulsory licenses. His study focused on nearly seven hundred
companies, forty-two of which had been subject to compulsory licenses.
102 Scherer calculated the ratio of each company’s R&D expenditures
to its sales for the year 1975, and compared ratios between companies
that had been subject to significant compulsory licensing decrees and
those that had not. Scherer further modeled the relationship between compulsory
licensing and R&D, and found a slight positive correlation between
licensing and high R&D-to-sales ratios. On average, companies
subjected to compulsory licensing actually spent more on R&D than similar
firms in their industry that had not been subjected to compulsory licenses.
103 This was true for all industries, including pharmaceuticals. Because
Scherer only had data from one year, he was not able to determine
whether the R&D expenditures of the firms affected by compulsory licensing
had fallen from previously higher levels.104 Nevertheless, he concluded
that compulsory licensing had not forced firms to invest in R&D at
a level below the norms in their industries

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Pada tahun 1977, FM Scherer melakukan studi utama antitrust, consent-
lisensi wajib terkait. Studinya difokuskan pada hampir tujuh ratus
perusahaan, empat puluh dua yang telah dikenakan lisensi wajib.
102 Scherer menghitung rasio R & D pengeluaran masing-masing perusahaan
untuk penjualan untuk tahun 1975, dan dibandingkan rasio antara perusahaan
yang telah dikenakan signifikan keputusan lisensi wajib dan
mereka yang tidak. Scherer lanjut model hubungan antara wajib
perizinan dan R & D, dan menemukan korelasi positif antara sedikit
perizinan dan tinggi R & D-to-penjualan rasio. Rata-rata, perusahaan
mengalami lisensi wajib benar-benar menghabiskan lebih pada R & D roda
perusahaan dalam industri mereka yang belum mengalami lisensi wajib.
103 Ini berlaku untuk semua industri, termasuk obat-obatan. Karena
Scherer hanya memiliki data dari satu tahun, ia tidak dapat menentukan
apakah pengeluaran R & D dari perusahaan dipengaruhi oleh lisensi wajib
jatuh dari levels.104 sebelumnya lebih tinggi Namun demikian, ia menyimpulkan
bahwa lisensi wajib tidak memaksa perusahaan untuk berinvestasi dalam R & D di
tingkat di bawah norma-norma dalam industri mereka