When he describes a landscape as

When he describes a landscape as "t

When he describes a landscape as "those enchanted places," "those delightful spaces," or one of his heroines as "that adorable woman," "that fascinating woman," he did not want to be any more precise. He was even so devoid of pre-cision as to write: "She wrote him an endless letter." How-ever, if one considers the huge, unconscious framework that is covered by the conscious ensemble of ideas to be an inte-gral part of style, there is undoubtedly precision in Stendhal. I would take great pleasure in showing you that every time Julien Sorel and Fabrizio del Dongo forget their vain cares in order to live a life that is disinterested and voluptuous, they are always in some elevated place (whether it he Julien's or Fabrizio's prison or the Abbe' lilanes's observatory).'
By this time speaking of style means discussing how the work of art is made, showing how it gradually emerged (even though sometimes this is only through the purely theoretical progression of a generative process), explaining why it offers itself to a certain type of reception, and how and why it arouses this reception. And, for those who are still interested in pronouncing judgements
*Paul Morand, Team Stocks, preface by Marcel Proust (Paris: Gallimard, 1921).
164/ON LITERATURE
as to aesthetic value, it is only by identifying, tracking down, and laying bare the supreme workings of style that we are able to say . why a given work is beautiful, why it has enjoyed different kinds of reception in the course of time, and why, although it follows models and sometimes even precepts that are scattered far and wide in the sea of intertextuality, it has been able to gather those legacies and make them blossom in such a way as to give life to something original. Only then will we be able to say why,•a1- though each of the different works by one artist aspires to an inimitable originality, it is possible to detect the personal style of that artist in each of these works. If this is the case, I believe two points must be made here: one, that a semiotics of the arts is nothing other than searching for and laying bare the workings of style; and two, that semiotics represents the most advanced form of stylistics, and the model for all criticism.
Having said this, I do not really need to add anything further. Everyone remembers how much light has been shed on texts (already loved by all, though in an obscure way) by certain pro-nouncements by the Russian formalists, by Jakobson, by narra-tologists and analysts of poetic discourse. But we really are living in obscure times, at least in Italy, where one hears with increasing frequency polemical voi,es accusing semiotic studies (which they sometimes also call, with pejorative connotation, formalist or structuralist studies) of being guilty of a decline in criticism, of being pseudo-mathematical discourses, full of illegible diagrams, in whose mush the flavour of literature evaporates, and where the ecstasy to which the reader succumbs is plotted out as in double-entry bookkeeping—where the je ne sais quoi and the sublime, which were supposed to be the supreme effects of art, evaporate in an orgy of theories that crudely abuse, insult, humiliate, and crush the text, removing its freshness, magic, and capacity for ecstasy.
On Style / 165
We must therefore ask ourselves what is meant by criticism (of art or literature), and for the sake of convenience I will re-strict myself to dealing with literary criticism. I think that first and foremost we must distinguish between discussing literary works and literary criticism. One can have the most varied discussions of literary works, and a work can be taken as a field of sociological inquiry, a document in the history of ideas, a psychological or psychiatric report, or as a pretext for a series of moral considerations. There are cultures, above all the Anglo-Saxon world, where—at least until the advent of the New Criticism—the discussion of literary works was conducted above all in moral terms. Now all these approaches are legitimate in and of themselves, except that as soon as they come into play, they presume, imply, suggest, or refer to a critical or aesthetic judge-ment that someone else, or perhaps even the author himself in another work, already pronounced. This kind of discussion is the discourse of criticism in its proper sense, and it can be articulated in three ways—although we must be clear about the fact that these three ways are "critical genres," ideal types of criticism, and it is often the case that, under the aegis of one genre or mode, someone provides illustri-ous examples of another genre, or mixes, to good or had effect, the three types together. Let us call the first type the "review," where one tells readers about a book they have not yet read. A good review can also turn to more complex modes, such as the other two types, which I shall discuss later, but it is inevitably linked to immediacy, to the brief space that intervenes between a work appe
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When he describes a landscape as "those enchanted places," "those delightful spaces," or one of his heroines as "that adorable woman," "that fascinating woman," he did not want to be any more precise. He was even so devoid of pre-cision as to write: "She wrote him an endless letter." How-ever, if one considers the huge, unconscious framework that is covered by the conscious ensemble of ideas to be an inte-gral part of style, there is undoubtedly precision in Stendhal. I would take great pleasure in showing you that every time Julien Sorel and Fabrizio del Dongo forget their vain cares in order to live a life that is disinterested and voluptuous, they are always in some elevated place (whether it he Julien's or Fabrizio's prison or the Abbe' lilanes's observatory).' By this time speaking of style means discussing how the work of art is made, showing how it gradually emerged (even though sometimes this is only through the purely theoretical progression of a generative process), explaining why it offers itself to a certain type of reception, and how and why it arouses this reception. And, for those who are still interested in pronouncing judgements *Paul Morand, Team Stocks, preface by Marcel Proust (Paris: Gallimard, 1921).164/ON LITERATURE as to aesthetic value, it is only by identifying, tracking down, and laying bare the supreme workings of style that we are able to say . why a given work is beautiful, why it has enjoyed different kinds of reception in the course of time, and why, although it follows models and sometimes even precepts that are scattered far and wide in the sea of intertextuality, it has been able to gather those legacies and make them blossom in such a way as to give life to something original. Only then will we be able to say why,•a1- though each of the different works by one artist aspires to an inimitable originality, it is possible to detect the personal style of that artist in each of these works. If this is the case, I believe two points must be made here: one, that a semiotics of the arts is nothing other than searching for and laying bare the workings of style; and two, that semiotics represents the most advanced form of stylistics, and the model for all criticism. Having said this, I do not really need to add anything further. Everyone remembers how much light has been shed on texts (already loved by all, though in an obscure way) by certain pro-nouncements by the Russian formalists, by Jakobson, by narra-tologists and analysts of poetic discourse. But we really are living in obscure times, at least in Italy, where one hears with increasing frequency polemical voi,es accusing semiotic studies (which they sometimes also call, with pejorative connotation, formalist or structuralist studies) of being guilty of a decline in criticism, of being pseudo-mathematical discourses, full of illegible diagrams, in whose mush the flavour of literature evaporates, and where the ecstasy to which the reader succumbs is plotted out as in double-entry bookkeeping—where the je ne sais quoi and the sublime, which were supposed to be the supreme effects of art, evaporate in an orgy of theories that crudely abuse, insult, humiliate, and crush the text, removing its freshness, magic, and capacity for ecstasy.On Style / 165 We must therefore ask ourselves what is meant by criticism (of art or literature), and for the sake of convenience I will re-strict myself to dealing with literary criticism. I think that first and foremost we must distinguish between discussing literary works and literary criticism. One can have the most varied discussions of literary works, and a work can be taken as a field of sociological inquiry, a document in the history of ideas, a psychological or psychiatric report, or as a pretext for a series of moral considerations. There are cultures, above all the Anglo-Saxon world, where—at least until the advent of the New Criticism—the discussion of literary works was conducted above all in moral terms. Now all these approaches are legitimate in and of themselves, except that as soon as they come into play, they presume, imply, suggest, or refer to a critical or aesthetic judge-ment that someone else, or perhaps even the author himself in another work, already pronounced. This kind of discussion is the discourse of criticism in its proper sense, and it can be articulated in three ways—although we must be clear about the fact that these three ways are "critical genres," ideal types of criticism, and it is often the case that, under the aegis of one genre or mode, someone provides illustri-ous examples of another genre, or mixes, to good or had effect, the three types together. Let us call the first type the "review," where one tells readers about a book they have not yet read. A good review can also turn to more complex modes, such as the other two types, which I shall discuss later, but it is inevitably linked to immediacy, to the brief space that intervenes between a work appe
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Ketika ia menggambarkan lanskap sebagai "tempat-tempat terpesona," "ruang-ruang yang menyenangkan," atau salah satu dari pahlawan sebagai "wanita manis," "wanita menarik," dia tidak ingin menjadi lebih tepat. Dia bahkan jadi tanpa pra-cision sebagai menulis: ". Dia menulis kepadanya surat tak berujung" Bagaimana pernah, jika kita menganggap besar, kerangka sadar yang ditutupi oleh ensemble sadar ide untuk menjadi bagian inte-gral gaya, ada tidak diragukan lagi presisi dalam Stendhal. Saya akan mengambil kesenangan besar dalam menunjukkan kepada Anda bahwa setiap kali Julien Sorel dan Fabrizio del Dongo lupa peduli sia-sia mereka untuk menjalani kehidupan yang tertarik dan bergairah, mereka selalu di beberapa tempat tinggi (apakah itu penjara ia Julien atau Fabrizio atau Abbe 'lilanes ini observatorium).'
pada saat ini berbicara tentang gaya berarti membahas bagaimana karya seni dibuat, menunjukkan bagaimana secara bertahap muncul (meskipun kadang-kadang ini hanya melalui perkembangan murni teoritis dari proses generatif), menjelaskan mengapa ia menawarkan sendiri untuk jenis tertentu penerimaan, dan bagaimana dan mengapa hal itu membangkitkan penerimaan ini. Dan, bagi mereka yang masih tertarik mengucapkan penilaian
* Paul Morand, Saham Tim, kata pengantar oleh Marcel Proust. (Paris: Gallimard, 1921)
164 / ON SASTRA
untuk nilai estetika, hanya dengan mengidentifikasi, melacak, dan meletakkan telanjang cara kerja tertinggi gaya bahwa kita mampu untuk mengatakan. mengapa sebuah karya yang diberikan indah, mengapa itu telah menikmati berbagai jenis penerimaan dalam perjalanan waktu, dan mengapa, meskipun berikut model dan kadang-kadang bahkan ajaran yang tersebar jauh dan luas di laut intertekstualitas, telah mampu mengumpulkan mereka warisan dan membuat mereka berkembang sedemikian rupa untuk memberikan hidup kepada sesuatu yang asli. Hanya maka kita akan dapat mengatakan mengapa, • a1- meskipun masing-masing dari karya-karya yang berbeda oleh satu artis bercita-cita untuk sebuah orisinalitas ditiru, adalah mungkin untuk mendeteksi gaya pribadi dari artis yang di masing-masing karya-karya ini. Jika hal ini terjadi, saya percaya dua poin harus dibuat di sini: satu, bahwa semiotika seni tidak lain dari mencari dan meletakkan telanjang cara kerja gaya; dan dua, bahwa semiotika merupakan bentuk paling maju dari gaya bahasa, dan model untuk semua kritik.
Setelah mengatakan ini, saya tidak benar-benar perlu menambahkan apa-apa lagi. Semua orang ingat seberapa banyak cahaya telah ditumpahkan pada teks (sudah dicintai oleh semua, meskipun dengan cara yang tidak jelas) oleh pro-nouncements tertentu oleh formalis Rusia, oleh Jakobson, oleh narra-tologists dan analis wacana puitis. Tapi kami benar-benar hidup di masa jelas, setidaknya di Italia, di mana seseorang mendengar dengan meningkatnya frekuensi polemik voi, es menuduh studi semiotik (yang mereka kadang-kadang juga menyebut, dengan konotasi merendahkan, studi formalis atau strukturalis) menjadi bersalah penurunan kritik, menjadi wacana pseudo-matematika, penuh diagram terbaca, yang dalam bubur rasa sastra menguap, dan di mana ekstasi yang pembaca menyerah diplot sebagai di double-entry pembukuan-mana je ne sais quoi dan luhur, yang seharusnya menjadi efek tertinggi seni, menguap dalam pesta pora teori-teori yang kasar penyalahgunaan, penghinaan, mempermalukan, dan menghancurkan teks, menghapus kesegaran, sihir, dan kapasitas untuk ekstasi.
pada Gaya / 165
Kami harus karena itu bertanya kepada diri sendiri apa yang dimaksud dengan kritik (seni atau sastra), dan demi kenyamanan saya akan kembali ketat diri untuk berurusan dengan kritik sastra. Saya berpikir bahwa pertama dan terutama kita harus membedakan antara membahas karya-karya sastra dan kritik sastra. Satu dapat memiliki diskusi yang paling beragam karya sastra, dan karya dapat diambil sebagai bidang penyelidikan sosiologis, sebuah dokumen sejarah ide-ide, laporan psikologis atau kejiwaan, atau sebagai dalih untuk serangkaian pertimbangan moral. Ada budaya, di atas semua dunia Anglo-Saxon, di mana-setidaknya sampai munculnya New Kritik-diskusi karya sastra dilakukan di atas semua dalam hal moral. Sekarang semua pendekatan ini adalah sah dalam dan dari diri mereka sendiri, kecuali bahwa segera setelah mereka datang ke dalam bermain, mereka menganggap, menyiratkan, menyarankan, atau merujuk ke hakim-ment kritis atau estetika yang orang lain, atau mungkin bahkan penulis sendiri di lain pekerjaan, sudah diucapkan. Diskusi semacam ini adalah wacana kritik dalam arti yang tepat, dan dapat diartikulasikan dalam tiga cara-meskipun kita harus jelas tentang fakta bahwa tiga cara ini adalah "genre penting," tipe ideal kritik, dan sering kasus itu, di bawah naungan satu genre atau modus, seseorang memberikan contoh illustri-ous genre lain, atau campuran, untuk efek yang baik atau memiliki, tiga jenis bersama-sama. Mari kita sebut jenis pertama "review," di mana satu memberitahu pembaca tentang buku mereka belum membaca. Sebuah review yang baik juga dapat beralih ke mode yang lebih kompleks, seperti dua jenis lain, yang akan saya bahas kemudian, tetapi pasti terkait dengan kedekatan, ke ruang singkat yang mengintervensi antara appe kerja
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