AcknowledgementsThe research for th

Acknowledgements
The research for this project was made possible by generous financial support
from the Fulbright IIE, the Social Science Research Council’s International
Dissertation Research Fellowship program, and a pre-dissertation fellowship
from the National Science Foundation. Portions of this article were presented
at the second ‘Putting Pierre Bourdieu to Work’ working conference held at UC
___________

Berkeley in May 2005. This article has been shaped by the ideas and input of
many people, but special thanks go to Teresa Sharpe, Chris Niedt, Tom Gold,
Michael Burawoy, and Kevin O’Brien.
Notes
1 Borrowing Ching Kwan Lee’s (2002) formulation, I understand contem-
porary China to be ‘postsocialist’ largely in that the planned economy no
longer plays a central role in production or consumption. China is also
postsocialist in the sense that the present is understood in relation to, and
generally as a rejection of, the socialist past (Rofel, 1999; Zhang, 2000).
2 For one report on
Meihua K
, see for example, ‘How did the fake medicine
“Meihua K” enter the marketplace?’ (
Jiayao ‘meihua K’ shi ruhe liuru
shichang de
?),
Xinhua Net
, Changsha, 2 April 2002 [http://202.84.17.73.
7777], accessed 13 May 2003; on the Nanjing mooncakes, ‘Nanjing
Guanshengyuan will be broken up: “Old filling mooncakes” incident
threatens company leadership’ (
Nanjing Guanshengyuan yao bei jisan: jiu
xian yuebing shijian weixie gongsi lingdao anquan
),
Harbin Life Daily
(
Shenghuo Bao
), 20 October 2001, p. 11.
3 My answer to the customer’s query was borrowed from my co-workers,
who used this appellation – ‘factory-direct sales’ – as a way to allay
customer concerns about merchandise quality. But the term was also tech-
nically correct, since the manufacturer supplied merchandise directly to the
sales area. Pricing and discounting, however, remained under store control.
4 The ISO, or International Organization for Standardization, issues
standards – usually technical or technological – to ensure compatibility and
quality levels for technology, products, and services across countries. China
is a member nation of the ISO, and Chinese companies with products or
services meeting ISO standards like to advertise this fact, especially given
widespread quality problems. There were even department stores in Harbin
that had received an ISO 9000, a standard for quality business management,
especially with regards to customer satisfaction. The application of ISO
standards to Chinese managerial and service performance seems to support
Ann Anagnost’s (1997: 77) claim that ‘the speculative gaze of foreign
capital’ gets translated into modern notions of ‘civility’ and culture in China.
5 Ellen Hertz (2001: 279) gives a contrasting example of a man who claimed
he never paid ‘market price’ for anything, instead relying upon personal
connections to secure discounts and lower prices. Hertz argues that this
represents the assertion of face – of individual identity – in a seemingly
anonymous market context. It could be argued, then, that sales clerks at
Harbin No. X were indeed asserting a kind of equality of ‘the masses’ that
was an ideal, if often unrealized, of China’s socialist economy.
Hanser
■
Sales floor trajectories
485
461-492 073147 Hanser (D) 7/11/06 08:52 Page 485
© 2006 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution.
by HARWAN ANDI KUNNA on November 3, 2007
http://eth.sagepub.com
Downloaded from
6 I do not want to oversimplify: at times, coping with customer distrust
involved trying to conceal Harbin No. X’s differences from other retailers.
This was often the case with customer expectations for discounts. Here,
sales clerks would usually try to face down customer demands by insisting
that the merchandise was ‘already discounted’. For example, when a girl
asked Big Sister Zhao if there was a discount on a coat she had selected,
Zhao launched into a detailed explanation about how Ice Day was ‘a new
brand this year’ (
jinnian chuang pai
) and so the price was already set at 15
percent off. In a typical solidarity move, Zhao added that if she lowered
the price, ‘Auntie will have to take 10 yuan out of my own pocket, and I
only earn 400 yuan a month!’
7‘
Zhiqing
’, or ‘educated youths’, are also known as the ‘Cultural Revolution
generation’ and were the cohort who came of age during the Cultural
Revolution (1966–76). This group was sent as youths to the countryside
for re-education during the latter years of the Cultural Revolution. I should
note that the
zhiqing
nostalgia Yang describes locates positive themes such
as human connection in rural, not urban, life.
8 Rofel (1999) argues that the construction of modernity in China is in part
dependent upon the construction of the country’s Cultural Revolution
generation as ‘abjected figures’: ‘One proves oneself a modern subject in
the post-Mao era by expunging what the Cultural Revolution generation
has come to represent’ (p. 190). On other examples of nostalgia as a kind
of resistance or expression of unease in contemporary China, see Barmé
(1999); Dai (1997) and O’Brien and Li (1999); on Shanghai nostalgia in
support of reforms, see Lu (2002).
References
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Bourdieu, Pierre (1990) ‘Social Space and Symbolic Power’, in
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_____________________
Bourdieu, Pierre (1998)
Practical Reason
. Stanford, CA: Stanford University
Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre and Luc Boltanski (1981) ‘The Educational System and the
Economy: Titles and Jobs’, in Charles Lemert (ed.)
French Sociology:
Rupture and Renewal Since 1968
, pp. 141–51. New York: Columbia
University Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre and Löic J.D. Wacquant (1992)
An Invitation to Reflexive
Sociology
. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Bruun, Ole (1993)
Business and Bureaucracy in a Chinese City: An Ethnogra-
phy of Private Business Households in Contemporary China
. Berkeley, CA:
Institute for East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley.
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Reality in Hungary’s Road to Capitalism
. Chicago, IL: The University of
Chicago Press.
Burawoy, Micheal and Katherine Verdery (1999)
Uncertain Transition: Ethnog-
raphies of Change in the Postsocialist World
. Boulder, CO: Rowman &
Littlefield.
Dai, Jinhua (1997) ‘Imagined Nostalgia’,
boundary 2
24(3): 143–61.
Dunn, Elizabeth (1999) ‘Slick Salesmen and Simple People: Negotiated Capi-
talism in a Privatized Polish Firm’, in Michael Burawoy and Katherine
Verdery (eds)
Uncertain Transition: Ethnographies of Change in the Post-
socialist World
, pp. 125–50. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Dunn, Elizabeth (2004)
Privatizing Poland: Baby Food, Big Business, and the
Remaking of Labor
. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Gold, Thomas B. (1989) ‘Guerrilla Interviewing Among the
Getihu
’, in Perry
Link, Richard P. Madsen and Paul G. Pickowicz (eds)
Unofficial China:
Popular Culture and Thought in the People’s Republic
, pp. 175–92. Boulder,
CO: Westview Press.
Gu, Chaolin, Xiuhong Hu, Haiyong Liu and Guochen Song (2004) ‘Situation
of the Urban Rich (
Chengshi fuyu jiceng zhuangkuang
)’, in Peilin Li, Qiang
Li and Liping Sun (eds)
Social Stratification in China Today (Zhongguo
shehui fenceng)
, pp. 264–82. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press (China)
(
Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe
).
Haney, Lynne (1999) ‘“But We Are Still Mothers”: Gender, the State, and the
Construction of Need in Postsocialist Hungary’, in Michael Burawoy and
Katherine Verdery (eds)
Uncertain Transition: Ethnographies of Change in
the Postsocialist World
, pp. 151–87. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield.
Hanser, Amy (2005) ‘The Gendered Rice Bowl: The Sexual Politics of Service
Work in Urban China’,
Gender & Society
19(5): 581–600.
Hanser, Amy (2006) ‘A Tale of Two Sales Floors: Changing Service Work
Regimes in China’, in Ching Kwan Lee (ed.)
Working in China: Ethnog-
raphies of Labor and Workplace Transformation.
London: Routledge.
Hanser
■
Sales floor trajectories
487
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by HARWAN ANDI KUNNA on November 3, 2007
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Harbin City Almanac
(
Ha’erbin shi zhu
) (1996) Vol. 15. Harbin: Heilongjiang
People’s Press (Heilongjiang renmin chubanshe).
Hershkovitz, Linda (1985) ‘The Fruits of Ambivalence: China’s Urban Individ-
ual Economy’,
Pacific Affairs
58(3): 427–50.
Hertz, Ellen (2001) ‘Faces in the Crowd: The Cultural Construction of
Anonymity in Urban China’, in Nancy N. Chen, Constance D. Clark,
Suzanne Z. Gottschang and Lyn Jeffery (eds)
China Urban: Ethnographies
of Contemporary Culture
, pp. 274–93. Durham, NC: Duke University
Press.
Hooper, Beverly (2000) ‘Consumer Voices: Asserting Rights in Post-Mao
China’,
China Information
16(2): 92–128.
Humphrey, Caroline (2002)
The Unmaking of Soviet Life: Everyday Economies
After Socialism
. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Hung, Eva P.W. and Stephen W.K. Chiu (2003) ‘The Lost Generation: Life
Course Dynamics and
Xiagang
in China’,
Modern China
29(2): 204–36.
Hurst, Wi

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Ucapan TerimakasihPenelitian untuk proyek ini dimungkinkan oleh dukungan keuangandari Fulbright IIE, Dewan riset ilmu sosial internasionalDisertasi penelitian Fellowship program, dan persekutuan pra-disertasidari National Science Foundation. Bagian dari artikel ini disajikandi kedua 'Menempatkan Pierre Bourdieu untuk bekerja' bekerja konferensi yang diselenggarakan di UC ___________Berkeley pada Mei 2005. Artikel ini telah dibentuk oleh ide-ide dan inputbanyak orang, tapi terima kasih khusus pergi ke Teresa Sharpe, Chris Niedt, Tom emas,Michael Burawoy, dan Kevin O'Brien.Catatan1 perumusan meminjam Ching Kwan Lee (2002), saya mengerti contem -porary Cina menjadi 'postsocialist' sebagian besar di yang direncanakan ekonomi tidaklagi memainkan peran sentral dalam produksi atau konsumsi. Cina jugapostsocialist dalam arti bahwa sekarang dipahami dalam kaitannya dengan, danumumnya sebagai penolakan terhadap, Sosialis masa lalu (Rofel, 1999; Zhang, 2000).2 untuk satu laporan Meihua K, lihat misalnya, ' bagaimana obat palsu'Meihua K"memasuki pasar?' (Jiayao 'meihua K' shi ruhe liurushichang de?), Xinhua Net, Changsha, 2 April 2002 [http://202.84.17.73.7777], diakses 13 Mei 2003; pada Nanjing mooncakes, ' NanjingGuanshengyuan akan rusak: insiden "Old pengisian mooncakes"mengancam kepemimpinan perusahaan ' ()Nanjing Guanshengyuan yao bei jisan: jiuXian yuebing shijian weixie gongsi lingdao anquan), Harbin kehidupan sehari-hari(Shenghuo Bao), 20 Oktober 2001, p. 11.3 saya jawaban atas permintaan nasabah dipinjam dari rekan kerja saya,yang menggunakan sebutan ini – 'penjualan langsung pabrik' – sebagai cara untuk menghilangkanPelanggan kekhawatiran tentang kualitas barang dagangan. Tapi istilah juga tech-nically benar, karena produsen memasok barang langsung kearea penjualan. Harga dan diskon besar, bagaimanapun, tetap di bawah kontrol toko.4 ISO atau organisasi internasional untuk standardisasi, masalahstandar-biasanya teknis atau teknologi-untuk memastikan kompatibilitas dantingkat kualitas teknologi, produk, dan layanan di seluruh negara. Cinamenjadi negara anggota ISO dan perusahaan China dengan produk atauLayanan yang memenuhi standar ISO seperti untuk mengiklankan fakta ini, terutama mengingatmasalah kualitas yang luas. Ada bahkan department store di Harbinyang telah menerima ISO 9000, standar untuk manajemen bisnis mutu,terutama mengenai kepuasan pelanggan. Penerapan ISOstandar kinerja manajerial dan Jasa Cina tampaknya untuk mendukungAnn Anagnost's (1997:77) menyatakan bahwa ' pandangan spekulatif Asingmodal ' akan diterjemahkan ke dalam pengertian modern 'kesopanan' dan budaya di Cina.Ellen 5 Hertz (2001:279) memberikan contoh yang kontras dari seorang pria yang mengklaimDia tidak pernah membayar 'harga pasar' untuk apa pun, bukan mengandalkan pribadisambungan untuk mengamankan diskon dan harga yang lebih rendah. Hertz berpendapat bahwa inirepresents the assertion of face – of individual identity – in a seeminglyanonymous market context. It could be argued, then, that sales clerks atHarbin No. X were indeed asserting a kind of equality of ‘the masses’ thatwas an ideal, if often unrealized, of China’s socialist economy.Hanser■Sales floor trajectories485461-492 073147 Hanser (D) 7/11/06 08:52 Page 485© 2006 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution.by HARWAN ANDI KUNNA on November 3, 2007 http://eth.sagepub.comDownloaded from 6 I do not want to oversimplify: at times, coping with customer distrustinvolved trying to conceal Harbin No. X’s differences from other retailers.This was often the case with customer expectations for discounts. Here,sales clerks would usually try to face down customer demands by insistingthat the merchandise was ‘already discounted’. For example, when a girlasked Big Sister Zhao if there was a discount on a coat she had selected,Zhao launched into a detailed explanation about how Ice Day was ‘a newbrand this year’ (jinnian chuang pai) and so the price was already set at 15percent off. In a typical solidarity move, Zhao added that if she loweredthe price, ‘Auntie will have to take 10 yuan out of my own pocket, and Ionly earn 400 yuan a month!’7‘Zhiqing’, or ‘educated youths’, are also known as the ‘Cultural Revolutiongenerasi ' dan kelompok yang datang dari umur selama budayaRevolusi (1966 – 76). Kelompok ini dikirim sebagai pemuda ke pedesaanuntuk pendidikan kembali selama tahun-tahun terakhir masa revolusi kebudayaan. Aku harusPerhatikan bahwa zhiqing Nostalgia Yang menggambarkan menempatkan positif tema tersebutsebagai hubungan manusia di pedesaan, tidak perkotaan, hidup.8 Rofel (1999) berpendapat bahwa pembangunan modernitas di Cina adalah sebagiantergantung pada konstruksi negara 's revolusi kebudayaangenerasi sebagai 'abjected angka': ' satu membuktikan diri subjeknya modernera Mao-posting oleh expunging apa generasi revolusi kebudayaantelah datang untuk mewakili ' (p. 190). Pada contoh-contoh lain nostalgia sebagai sejenisperlawanan atau ekspresi kegelisahan di Cina kontemporer, lihat Barmé(1999); Dai (1997) dan O'Brien dan Li (1999); di Shanghai bernostalgia dimendukung reformasi, lihat Lu (2002).ReferensiAnagost, Ann (1997) Masa lalu-kali Nasional: narasi, perwakilan, danKekuasaan di Cina Modern. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Barmé, Geremie (1999) Merah: pada budaya Cina kontemporer. BaruYork: Columbia University Press.Berdahl, Daphne (1997) Mana dunia berakhir: Re-unification dan identitasdi perbatasan Jerman. Berkeley: University of California Press.Blecher, J. Marc (2002) 'politik hegemoni dan pekerja di Cina', The CinaKuartalan 170: 283-303.Bourdieu, Pierre (1984) Perbedaan: Kritik sosial penghakiman rasa.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Bourdieu, Pierre (1990) ‘Social Space and Symbolic Power’, in In Other Words:Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology, pp. 123–49. Stanford, CA: StanfordUniversity Press. _____________________Bourdieu, Pierre (1998) Practical Reason. Stanford, CA: Stanford UniversityPress.Bourdieu, Pierre and Luc Boltanski (1981) ‘The Educational System and theEconomy: Titles and Jobs’, in Charles Lemert (ed.) French Sociology:Rupture and Renewal Since 1968, pp. 141–51. New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press.Bourdieu, Pierre and Löic J.D. Wacquant (1992) An Invitation to ReflexiveSociology. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.Bruun, Ole (1993) Business and Bureaucracy in a Chinese City: An Ethnogra-phy of Private Business Households in Contemporary China. Berkeley, CA:Institute for East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley.Burawoy, Michael and János Lukács (1992) The Radiant Past: Ideology andReality in Hungary’s Road to Capitalism. Chicago, IL: The University ofChicago Press.Burawoy, Micheal and Katherine Verdery (1999) Uncertain Transition: Ethnog-raphies of Change in the Postsocialist World. Boulder, CO: Rowman &Littlefield.Dai, Jinhua (1997) ‘Imagined Nostalgia’, boundary 224(3): 143–61.Dunn, Elizabeth (1999) ‘Slick Salesmen and Simple People: Negotiated Capi-talism in a Privatized Polish Firm’, in Michael Burawoy and KatherineVerdery (eds) Uncertain Transition: Ethnographies of Change in the Post-socialist World, pp. 125–50. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Dunn, Elizabeth (2004) Privatizing Poland: Baby Food, Big Business, and theRemaking of Labor. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Gold, Thomas B. (1989) ‘Guerrilla Interviewing Among the Getihu’, in PerryLink, Richard P. Madsen and Paul G. Pickowicz (eds) Unofficial China:Popular Culture and Thought in the People’s Republic, pp. 175–92. Boulder,CO: Westview Press.Gu, Chaolin, Xiuhong Hu, Haiyong Liu and Guochen Song (2004) ‘Situationof the Urban Rich (Chengshi fuyu jiceng zhuangkuang)’, in Peilin Li, QiangLi and Liping Sun (eds) Social Stratification in China Today (Zhongguoshehui fenceng), pp. 264–82. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press (China)(Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe).Haney, Lynne (1999) ‘“But We Are Still Mothers”: Gender, the State, and theConstruction of Need in Postsocialist Hungary’, in Michael Burawoy andKatherine Verdery (eds) Uncertain Transition: Ethnographies of Change inthe Postsocialist World, pp. 151–87. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield.Hanser, Amy (2005) ‘The Gendered Rice Bowl: The Sexual Politics of ServiceWork in Urban China’, Gender & Society19(5): 581–600.Hanser, Amy (2006) ‘A Tale of Two Sales Floors: Changing Service WorkRegimes in China’, in Ching Kwan Lee (ed.) Working in China: Ethnog-raphies of Labor and Workplace Transformation.
London: Routledge.
Hanser
■
Sales floor trajectories
487
461-492 073147 Hanser (D) 7/11/06 08:52 Page 487
© 2006 SAGE Publications. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use or unauthorized distribution.
by HARWAN ANDI KUNNA on November 3, 2007
http://eth.sagepub.com
Downloaded from
Harbin City Almanac
(
Ha’erbin shi zhu
) (1996) Vol. 15. Harbin: Heilongjiang
People’s Press (Heilongjiang renmin chubanshe).
Hershkovitz, Linda (1985) ‘The Fruits of Ambivalence: China’s Urban Individ-
ual Economy’,
Pacific Affairs
58(3): 427–50.
Hertz, Ellen (2001) ‘Faces in the Crowd: The Cultural Construction of
Anonymity in Urban China’, in Nancy N. Chen, Constance D. Clark,
Suzanne Z. Gottschang and Lyn Jeffery (eds)
China Urban: Ethnographies
of Contemporary Culture
, pp. 274–93. Durham, NC: Duke University
Press.
Hooper, Beverly (2000) ‘Consumer Voices: Asserting Rights in Post-Mao
China’,
China Information
16(2): 92–128.
Humphrey, Caroline (2002)
The Unmaking of Soviet Life: Everyday Economies
After Socialism
. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Hung, Eva P.W. and Stephen W.K. Chiu (2003) ‘The Lost Generation: Life
Course Dynamics and
Xiagang
in China’,
Modern China
29(2): 204–36.
Hurst, Wi