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Specifics of the CapThe salary cap is determined as a percentage of defined gross revenues (DGR),which is outlined in the CBA as the aggregate revenues from all sources relating to theperformance of NFL games. This includes gate receipts and most significantly,television revenues. Excluded from calculation of DGR are revenues from concessions,parking, local advertising and promotion, programs, and those revenues from NFLFilms and NFL Properties, the licensing branch of the NFL. The percentage of DGRthat comprises the salary cap varies slightly over the term of the CBA. In its inceptionin 1994, the amount was 64%.The actual team salary cap is determined on a pro rata basis by dividing the dollaramount arrived at as a percentage of DGR by the number of teams, less a portion of thatfigure (about $5 million) that is allocated annually to collective benefits, such as theplayer pension fund. The remaining portion represents the amount each team hasavailable to spend on player salaries for that contract year. Every one of the thirty-twoNFL teams has exactly the same amount as the limit they may spend, or more correctly,allocate collective player compensation. Each team also has the same number of activeplayers. Thus, a situation exists whereby the number of critical human resources andthe total amount of compensation are the same for all firms in the industry.At the intuitive level, the salary cap seems to be a straightforward additionproblem: do not spend more than x dollars in a given year on player salaries. Teamshave found that implementation according to the rules agreed upon in the CBA is amuch more complex issue. Since its realization in 1994, successful teams have had thesame salary cap figure each year as losing teams have had. They appear to have beenmuch more willing to incur significant risk, both from an economic and absolutestandpoint, to do what they believe was necessary to sustain an advantage and win,either immediately or consistently. They chose to allocate salary cap dollars to futurecontract years. Although the cumulative dollars contained in players’ contracts cannotexceed the cap number (without substantial financial penalty), the calculation ofdollars spent for any given year may not reflect the actual dollars paid to a team’splayers. Even though the salary cap creates a hypothetical ceiling on the amount ofmoney that teams can spend in a given year, the ceiling is frequently exceeded from acash flow standpoint, depending upon a team’s orientation toward risk.Allocation is the key. The primary method by which teams routinely push capdollars into future contract years is through the signing bonus. Signing bonuses,regardless of when they are paid to a player, are prorated over the life of the contract.Thus, only that portion prorated to any given contract year counts against the totalteam salary cap, rather than the entire amount paid to the player at the time of signing.For example, if a player signs a five-year contract for $500,000 per year and receives a $5 million signing bonus, only $1,500,000 in salary counts against the cap each year,despite the fact that the player actually received $5,500,000 in his first year, and$500,000 each year thereafter.
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