1. INTRODUCTIONVinegar was known worldwide as a seasoning or foodprese terjemahan - 1. INTRODUCTIONVinegar was known worldwide as a seasoning or foodprese Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

1. INTRODUCTIONVinegar was known wo

1. INTRODUCTION
Vinegar was known worldwide as a seasoning or food
preserving agent. Vinegar is defined as “ a liquid fit for human
consumption, produced from a suitable raw material of
agricultural origin, containing starch, sugars, or starch and
sugars by the process of double fermentation, alcoholic and
acetous, and contains a specified amount of acetic acid” (Joint
FAO/ WHO Food Standards Programme, 1987).
Vinegar, a traditional acidic condiment, is widely produced
from rice, malt, apples, wine and various other agricultural
material (Ciani, 1998; Horiuchi et. al., 1999). Vinegar
production ranges from traditional methods employing wood
casks and surface culture to submerged fermentation in
acetators (Morales et al 2001).Vinegar fermentation is
essentially a two stage process, being the first one the
anaerobic conversion of fermentable sugars to ethanol by
yeasts, usually Saccharomyces species, and the second the
aerobic oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid by bacteria, usually
Acetobacter species (Adams, 1998; Horiuchi et. al., 2000).
Acetic acid yield from fermented sugar is approximately 40%,
with the remaining sugar metabolites either lost to
volatilization or converted into other compounds. Acid yield
improvements can be achieved using high rates aeration
during continuous production (Ghommidh et al 1986).
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1. INTRODUCTIONVinegar was known worldwide as a seasoning or foodpreserving agent. Vinegar is defined as “ a liquid fit for humanconsumption, produced from a suitable raw material ofagricultural origin, containing starch, sugars, or starch andsugars by the process of double fermentation, alcoholic andacetous, and contains a specified amount of acetic acid” (JointFAO/ WHO Food Standards Programme, 1987).Vinegar, a traditional acidic condiment, is widely producedfrom rice, malt, apples, wine and various other agriculturalmaterial (Ciani, 1998; Horiuchi et. al., 1999). Vinegarproduction ranges from traditional methods employing woodcasks and surface culture to submerged fermentation inacetators (Morales et al 2001).Vinegar fermentation isessentially a two stage process, being the first one theanaerobic conversion of fermentable sugars to ethanol byyeasts, usually Saccharomyces species, and the second theaerobic oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid by bacteria, usuallyAcetobacter species (Adams, 1998; Horiuchi et. al., 2000).Acetic acid yield from fermented sugar is approximately 40%,with the remaining sugar metabolites either lost tovolatilization or converted into other compounds. Acid yieldimprovements can be achieved using high rates aerationduring continuous production (Ghommidh et al 1986).
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1. PENDAHULUAN
Cuka dikenal di seluruh dunia sebagai bumbu atau makanan
agen melestarikan. Cuka didefinisikan sebagai "cocok cair untuk manusia
konsumsi, yang dihasilkan dari bahan baku yang cocok dari
asal pertanian, yang mengandung pati, gula, atau pati dan
gula dengan proses fermentasi ganda, alkohol dan
acetous, dan berisi jumlah tertentu asam asetat "(Joint
FAO / WHO Food Standards Programme, 1987).
Cuka, bumbu asam tradisional, secara luas diproduksi
dari beras, malt, apel, anggur dan berbagai pertanian lainnya
materi (Ciani, 1998;.. Horiuchi et al, 1999). Cuka
produksi berkisar dari metode tradisional menggunakan kayu
tong dan budaya permukaan untuk fermentasi terendam
acetators (Morales et al, 2001) .Vinegar fermentasi
dasarnya adalah proses dua tahap, menjadi orang pertama
konversi anaerobik gula difermentasi menjadi etanol oleh
ragi, biasanya Saccharomyces spesies, dan yang kedua
oksidasi aerobik etanol menjadi asam asetat oleh bakteri, biasanya
Acetobacter spesies (Adams, 1998;.. Horiuchi et al, 2000).
asetat hasil asam dari gula fermentasi adalah sekitar 40%,
dengan metabolit sisa gula baik kalah
penguapan atau diubah menjadi senyawa lain. Yield asam
perbaikan dapat dicapai dengan menggunakan tarif tinggi aerasi
selama produksi terus menerus (Ghommidh et al 1986).
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