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2. Previous Related Studies and Hypotheses DevelopmentSeveral studies were undertaken to identify factors affecting corporate dividend policy. Among these factorswere corporate size, industry type, majority shareholders, level of corporate leverage, free cash flows and risk.Literature related to each of these factors will be reviewed.2.1 Corporate SizeOne of the main factors advanced in the literature to explain corporate dividend policy is corporate size (see forexample: Lloyd et al., 1985; Eddy & Seifert, 1988; Holder et al., 1998; Jensen et al., 1992; Redding, 1997; Fama &French, 2000, 2001; Manos, 2002; Mollah, 2002; Al-Kuwari, 2009; Kouki & Guizani, 2009; Al-Shubiri, 2011;Subramaniam et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2013; Baah et al., 2014; Movalia & Vekariya, 2014; Saeed et al., 2014;Kumar & Whaheed, 2015). Large companies tend to pay more dividends than small companies since the prospectof growth and expansion in their activities are less than small companies. Hence, they do not need to retain asignificant part of their profit for future expansion and growth. Large companies are always noticeable and subjectto the scrutiny of the outside market. They might use dividend payout to signal information about themselves.An additional reason that explains possible association between dividend policy and corporate size is transactioncosts. Large companies may have access to different sources of funds than small companies. The cost of fundingfor large companies is usually less than that paid by small companies. Easy access to the capital market togetherwith low funding cost allow large companies management to pay more dividend than small companies. Largecompanies may further use dividend to reduce agency costs. In this respect, Jensen and Meckling (1976) pointed toa possible relationship between corporate size and agency costs. They believe that large firms usually have awidely spread ownership. This would result in greater bargaining control that might increase agency costs. In thesame fashion, Sawicki (2009) indicated that dividend payouts could be used to scrutinize large firms’ management.In other words, ownership is widely spread in large firms and this would result in an increase in information thatrestricts shareholders’ ability to monitor the activities of these firms. In an attempt to reassure shareholders,management may choose to pay more dividends and this will increase its need to look for external funding. Thismove will subject management to the scrutiny of a third party (external financier). It is, therefore, hypothesizedthat:Hypothesis 1: Dividend payout is positively associated with corporate size.
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