Chapter 16: Capital Structure: Limits to the Use of Debt16.1 a. V = ($ terjemahan - Chapter 16: Capital Structure: Limits to the Use of Debt16.1 a. V = ($ Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Chapter 16: Capital Structure: Limi

Chapter 16: Capital Structure: Limits to the Use of Debt

16.1 a. V = ($250 x 60% + $100 x 40%) / (1+12%) = $169.64 million under risk neutrality.
S = ($100 x 60% + $0 x 40%) / (1+12%) = $53.57 million
The total stock value of the firm is $53.57 million.
b. Assume the expected debt payment in case of recession is $X million.
B = ($150 x 60% + $X x 40%) / (1+12%) = $108.93 million X = $80 million
Therefore, the bankruptcy cost is expected to be $20 (=100 - 80) million with a probability of 40% in recession.
c. Firm value, V = S + B = $53.57 + $108.93 = $162.50 million
d. Promised return on bond = ($150 / $108.93) - 1 = 37.70%

16.2 a. Duane is not correct. This risk of bankruptcy per se does not affect firm’s value. It is the costs of bankruptcy which lower firm value.
VanSant Matta
Expansion Recession Expansion Recession
EBIT $2.0 $0.8 $2.0 $0.8
Interest 0.75 0.75 1.0 0.8
Earnings after Interest* $1.25 $0.05 $1.0 $0
(Amounts in millions)
*Since there are no taxes in this world, earnings after interest (EAI) is the same as earnings after interest and taxes. Thus, EAI is the income available to the common equity holders.

The value of each firm is the sum of the value of its stocks and the value of its bonds. Under the assumption of risk-neutrality, the value of the stock is the PV of the expected earnings available to common stockholders. The value of the bonds is the PV of the expected interest payments.
VanSant:

Stock:
Bonds:
Firm: $878,260.870 + $652,173.913 = $1,530,434.783

Matta:
Stock:
Bonds:
Firm: $695,652.174 + $834,782.609 = $1,530,434.783

c. If there are significant costs associated with Matta’s insolvency, then the firms’ values will differ.






16.3 Direct:
Legal and administrative costs: Costs associated with the litigation arising from a liquidation or bankruptcy. These costs include lawyers’ fees, courtroom costs and expert witness fees.

Indirect:
Impaired ability to conduct business: Loss of sales due to a decrease in consumer confidence and loss of reliable supplies due to lack of confidence by suppliers.

Incentive to take large risks: when faced with projects of different risk levels, managers (who often are major stockholders) have an incentive to undertake high risk projects. If the projects pay off, the firm is solvent and the stockholders benefit. If the project does not perform well, then the firm still ends up in bankruptcy, but the bondholders bear the burden.

Incentive to under-invest: investments benefit bondholders through their increased cash flows to the firm. This benefit is at the cost of stockholders who usually must finance the investment. Thus, the stockholders may have an incentive to encourage under-investment.

Milking the property: In a bankruptcy the bondholders have first claim to the assets of the firm. When faced with a possible bankruptcy, the stockholders have strong incentives to vote themselves increased dividends or other distributions. This will ensure them of getting some of the assets of the firm before the bondholders can lay claim to them.

16.4 The tax carry forwards will make Chrysler’s effective tax rate zero. Therefore, the company does not need any tax deductions such as those provided by debt. Moreover, although the firm faces no taxes, it does face the very real threat of bankruptcy. Additional debt would only increase the likelihood of insolvency. Since the firm does not need the tax shield of debt and because additional debt will increase the probability of bankruptcy, Chrysler should issue equity.

16.5 Look at the expected values of Fountain’s prospective projects.
Firm = Stock + Bonds
Low-risk $600 = $100 + $500
High-risk $450 = $150 + $300

Stockholders would prefer the high-risk project. Although the expected value of the firm is less, the expected value of the equity is greater. If the bad economy arises, the shareholders receive no benefit irrespective of which project Fountain chooses. If the economy is good, they will receive $100 more with the high-risk project. Notice that there is a significant (50%) probability that the firm will be barely solvent or be pushed into bankruptcy. In such a situation, stockholders have strong incentives to take large risks. If the gamble pays off, they profit highly; if it fails, they are no worse off than if they had played it safe.

16.6 Disagree. If a firm has debt, it might be advantageous to the stockholders for the firm to undertake risky projects, even those with negative NPVs. This incentive comes from the fact that the risk is borne by the bondholders. Therefore, value is transferred from the bondholders to the shareholders by undertaking risky (including negative NPV) projects. This incentive is even stronger when the probability and costs of bankruptcy are high.

16.7 Bondholders need to raise the debt payment to $140 in case of a high risk project being taken, so that
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Chapter 16: Capital Structure: Limits to the Use of Debt16.1 a. V = ($250 x 60% + $100 x 40%) / (1+12%) = $169.64 million under risk neutrality. S = ($100 x 60% + $0 x 40%) / (1+12%) = $53.57 million The total stock value of the firm is $53.57 million.b. Assume the expected debt payment in case of recession is $X million.B = ($150 x 60% + $X x 40%) / (1+12%) = $108.93 million X = $80 million Therefore, the bankruptcy cost is expected to be $20 (=100 - 80) million with a probability of 40% in recession.c. Firm value, V = S + B = $53.57 + $108.93 = $162.50 milliond. Promised return on bond = ($150 / $108.93) - 1 = 37.70% 16.2 a. Duane is not correct. This risk of bankruptcy per se does not affect firm’s value. It is the costs of bankruptcy which lower firm value. VanSant Matta Expansion Recession Expansion RecessionEBIT $2.0 $0.8 $2.0 $0.8Interest 0.75 0.75 1.0 0.8Earnings after Interest* $1.25 $0.05 $1.0 $0(Amounts in millions)*Since there are no taxes in this world, earnings after interest (EAI) is the same as earnings after interest and taxes. Thus, EAI is the income available to the common equity holders.The value of each firm is the sum of the value of its stocks and the value of its bonds. Under the assumption of risk-neutrality, the value of the stock is the PV of the expected earnings available to common stockholders. The value of the bonds is the PV of the expected interest payments. VanSant:Stock: Bonds: Firm: $878,260.870 + $652,173.913 = $1,530,434.783Matta:Stock: Bonds: Firm: $695,652.174 + $834,782.609 = $1,530,434.783c. If there are significant costs associated with Matta’s insolvency, then the firms’ values will differ.16.3 Direct:Legal and administrative costs: Costs associated with the litigation arising from a liquidation or bankruptcy. These costs include lawyers’ fees, courtroom costs and expert witness fees.Indirect:Impaired ability to conduct business: Loss of sales due to a decrease in consumer confidence and loss of reliable supplies due to lack of confidence by suppliers.Incentive to take large risks: when faced with projects of different risk levels, managers (who often are major stockholders) have an incentive to undertake high risk projects. If the projects pay off, the firm is solvent and the stockholders benefit. If the project does not perform well, then the firm still ends up in bankruptcy, but the bondholders bear the burden.Incentive to under-invest: investments benefit bondholders through their increased cash flows to the firm. This benefit is at the cost of stockholders who usually must finance the investment. Thus, the stockholders may have an incentive to encourage under-investment.Milking the property: In a bankruptcy the bondholders have first claim to the assets of the firm. When faced with a possible bankruptcy, the stockholders have strong incentives to vote themselves increased dividends or other distributions. This will ensure them of getting some of the assets of the firm before the bondholders can lay claim to them.16.4 The tax carry forwards will make Chrysler’s effective tax rate zero. Therefore, the company does not need any tax deductions such as those provided by debt. Moreover, although the firm faces no taxes, it does face the very real threat of bankruptcy. Additional debt would only increase the likelihood of insolvency. Since the firm does not need the tax shield of debt and because additional debt will increase the probability of bankruptcy, Chrysler should issue equity.16.5 Look at the expected values of Fountain’s prospective projects.Firm = Stock + BondsLow-risk $600 = $100 + $500High-risk $450 = $150 + $300Stockholders would prefer the high-risk project. Although the expected value of the firm is less, the expected value of the equity is greater. If the bad economy arises, the shareholders receive no benefit irrespective of which project Fountain chooses. If the economy is good, they will receive $100 more with the high-risk project. Notice that there is a significant (50%) probability that the firm will be barely solvent or be pushed into bankruptcy. In such a situation, stockholders have strong incentives to take large risks. If the gamble pays off, they profit highly; if it fails, they are no worse off than if they had played it safe.16.6 Disagree. If a firm has debt, it might be advantageous to the stockholders for the firm to undertake risky projects, even those with negative NPVs. This incentive comes from the fact that the risk is borne by the bondholders. Therefore, value is transferred from the bondholders to the shareholders by undertaking risky (including negative NPV) projects. This incentive is even stronger when the probability and costs of bankruptcy are high.16.7 Bondholders need to raise the debt payment to $140 in case of a high risk project being taken, so that
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Bab 16: Struktur Modal: Batas untuk Penggunaan Utang 16,1 a. V = ($ 250 x 60% + $ 100 x 40%) / (1 ​​+ 12%) = $ 169.640.000 di bawah netralitas risiko. S = ($ 100 x 60% + $ 0 x 40%) / (1 ​​+ 12%) = $ 53.570.000 nilai saham total perusahaan adalah $ 53.570.000. b. Asumsikan pembayaran utang diharapkan dalam kasus resesi adalah $ X juta. B = ($ 150 x 60% + $ X x 40%) / (1 ​​+ 12%) = $ 108.930.000 X = $ 80.000.000 Oleh karena itu, biaya kebangkrutan diharapkan menjadi $ 20 (= 100-80). juta dengan probabilitas 40% dalam resesi c. Nilai perusahaan, V = S + B = $ 53,57 + $ 108,93 = $ 162,50 juta d. Berjanji pengembalian obligasi = ($ 150 / $ 108,93) - 1 = 37,70% 16,2 a. Duane tidak benar. Ini risiko kebangkrutan per se tidak mempengaruhi nilai perusahaan. Ini adalah biaya kebangkrutan yang lebih rendah nilai perusahaan. Vansant Matta Ekspansi resesi Expansion resesi EBIT $ 2,0 $ 0,8 $ 2,0 $ 0,8 Tujuan 0,75 0,75 1,0 0,8 Laba setelah Bunga * $ 1.25 $ 0.05 $ 1,0 $ 0 (Dalam jutaan) * Karena tidak ada pajak di dunia ini, laba setelah bunga (EAI) adalah sama dengan laba setelah bunga dan pajak. Dengan demikian, EAI adalah pendapatan yang tersedia untuk pemegang saham biasa. Nilai dari setiap perusahaan adalah jumlah dari nilai saham dan nilai obligasi. Dengan asumsi risiko netralitas, nilai saham adalah PV dari pendapatan yang diharapkan tersedia untuk pemegang saham biasa. Nilai dari obligasi adalah PV dari pembayaran bunga yang diharapkan. Vansant: Stock: Obligasi: Badan: $ 878,260.870 + $ 652,173.913 = $ 1,530,434.783 Matta: Stock: Obligasi: Badan: $ 695,652.174 + $ 834,782.609 = $ 1,530,434.783 c. Jika ada biaya signifikan yang terkait dengan kepailitan Matta, maka nilai-nilai perusahaan 'akan berbeda. 16,3 Langsung: Hukum dan administrasi biaya: Biaya yang terkait dengan litigasi yang timbul dari likuidasi atau kebangkrutan. Biaya ini meliputi biaya pengacara, biaya ruang sidang dan biaya saksi ahli. Tidak Langsung: kemampuan Gangguan untuk melakukan bisnis. Kehilangan penjualan karena penurunan kepercayaan konsumen dan hilangnya pasokan yang dapat diandalkan karena kurangnya kepercayaan oleh pemasok Insentif untuk mengambil risiko besar : ketika dihadapkan dengan proyek-proyek dari tingkat risiko yang berbeda, manajer (yang sering pemegang saham utama) memiliki insentif untuk melaksanakan proyek-proyek berisiko tinggi. Jika proyek melunasi, perusahaan adalah pelarut dan pemegang saham mendapatkan keuntungan. Jika proyek tidak melakukan dengan baik, maka perusahaan masih berakhir di kebangkrutan, tetapi pemegang obligasi menanggung beban. Insentif untuk di bawah-berinvestasi: investasi menguntungkan pemegang obligasi melalui arus kas meningkat bagi perusahaan. Manfaat ini adalah pada biaya pemegang saham yang biasanya harus membiayai investasi. Dengan demikian, para pemegang saham mungkin memiliki insentif untuk mendorong bawah-investasi. Pemerahan properti: Dalam kebangkrutan pemegang obligasi memiliki klaim pertama yang aset perusahaan. Ketika dihadapkan dengan kebangkrutan mungkin, para pemegang saham memiliki insentif yang kuat untuk memilih sendiri meningkat dividen atau distribusi lainnya. Ini akan memastikan mereka mendapatkan beberapa aset perusahaan sebelum pemegang obligasi dapat mengklaim mereka. 16,4 The fiskal akan membuat tarif pajak efektif Chrysler nol. Oleh karena itu, perusahaan tidak memerlukan pemotongan pajak seperti yang disediakan oleh utang. Selain itu, meskipun perusahaan tidak menghadapi pajak, itu menghadapi ancaman yang sangat nyata dari kebangkrutan. Tambahan utang hanya akan meningkatkan kemungkinan kebangkrutan. Karena perusahaan tidak perlu perisai pajak utang dan karena utang tambahan akan meningkatkan probabilitas kebangkrutan, Chrysler harus mengeluarkan ekuitas. 16,5 Lihatlah nilai yang diharapkan dari calon proyek Fountain ini. Firm = Stock + Obligasi berisiko rendah $ 600 = $ 100 + $ 500 berisiko tinggi $ 450 = $ 150 + $ 300 Pemegang Saham akan lebih memilih proyek berisiko tinggi. Meskipun nilai yang diharapkan dari perusahaan kurang, nilai yang diharapkan dari ekuitas lebih besar. Jika ekonomi yang buruk muncul, para pemegang saham menerima manfaat terlepas dari yang memilih Fountain proyek. Jika ekonomi baik, mereka akan menerima $ 100 lebih dengan proyek berisiko tinggi. Perhatikan bahwa ada yang signifikan (50%) probabilitas bahwa perusahaan akan hampir pelarut atau didorong ke dalam kebangkrutan. Dalam situasi seperti itu, pemegang saham memiliki insentif yang kuat untuk mengambil risiko besar. Jika berjudi terbayar, mereka keuntungan yang sangat; jika gagal, mereka tidak lebih buruk daripada jika mereka telah bermain aman. 16,6 Tidak Setuju. Jika suatu perusahaan memiliki utang, mungkin menguntungkan untuk para pemegang saham bagi perusahaan untuk melaksanakan proyek-proyek berisiko, bahkan mereka dengan NPV negatif. Insentif ini berasal dari fakta bahwa risiko ditanggung oleh pemegang obligasi. Oleh karena itu, nilai ditransfer dari pemegang obligasi kepada pemegang saham dengan melakukan berisiko (termasuk NPV negatif) proyek. Insentif ini bahkan lebih kuat ketika probabilitas dan biaya kebangkrutan yang tinggi. 16.7 Pemegang Obligasi perlu menaikkan pembayaran utang menjadi $ 140 dalam kasus proyek berisiko tinggi yang diambil, sehingga






























































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