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Henry Adams and other historians ar

Henry Adams and other historians argue that Jefferson was a hypocrite in the Louisiana Purchase, primarily pointing to the fact that Jefferson was a strict constructionist in his views on the Constitution, yet allegedly took a loose constructionist view of the Constitution regarding the Louisiana Purchase.[17] This argument goes as follows:

The American purchase of the Louisiana territory was not accomplished without domestic opposition. Jefferson's philosophical consistency was in question because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. Many people believed he, and other Jeffersonians such as James Madison, were being hypocritical by doing something they surely would have argued against with Alexander Hamilton. The Federalists strongly opposed the purchase, favoring close relations with Britain over closer ties to Napoleon, and were concerned that the United States had paid a large sum of money just to declare war on Spain.[citation needed]

Both Federalists and Jeffersonians were concerned about whether the purchase was constitutional. Many members of the House of Representatives opposed the purchase. Majority Leader John Randolph led the opposition. The House called for a vote to deny the request for the purchase, but it failed by two votes, 59–57. The Federalists even tried to prove the land belonged to Spain, not France, but available records proved otherwise.[18]

The Federalists also feared that the political power of the Atlantic seaboard states would be threatened by the new citizens of the west, bringing about a clash of western farmers with the merchants and bankers of New England. There was concern that an increase in the number of slave-holding states created out of the new territory would exacerbate divisions between north and south as well. A group of northern Federalists led by Senator Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts went so far as to explore the idea of a separate northern confederacy.

Another concern was whether it was proper to grant citizenship to the French, Spanish, and free black people living in New Orleans, as the treaty would dictate. Critics in Congress worried whether these "foreigners", unacquainted with democracy, could or should become citizens.[19]

Spain protested the transfer on two grounds: First, France had previously promised in a note not to alienate Louisiana to a third party and second, France had not fully fulfilled the Treaty of San Ildefonso by having the King of Etruria recognized by all European powers. The French government replied that these objections were baseless: the promise not to alienate Louisiana was not in the treaty of San Ildefonso itself and therefore had no legal force, and the Spanish government had ordered Louisiana to be transferred in October 1802 despite knowing for months that Britain had not recognized the King of Etruria in the Treaty of Amiens.[20]

Henry Adams claimed "The sale of Louisiana to the United States was trebly invalid; if it were French property, Bonaparte could not constitutionally alienate it without the consent of the Chambers; if it were Spanish property, he could not alienate it at all; if Spain had a right of reclamation, his sale was worthless."[21] The sale of course was not "worthless"—the US actually did take possession. Furthermore the Spanish prime minister had authorized the U.S. to negotiate with the French government "the acquisition of territories which may suit their interests." Spain turned the territory over to France in a ceremony in New Orleans on November 30, a month before France turned it over to American officials.[22]

Other historians counter the above arguments regarding Jefferson's alleged hypocrisy as follows:

Countries change their borders in two ways: (1) conquest, or (2) an agreement between nations, otherwise known as a treaty. The Louisiana Purchase was the latter, a treaty. The Constitution specifically grants the president the power to negotiate treaties (Art. II, Sec. 2), which is just what Jefferson did.[23]

Jefferson's Secretary of State, James Madison (the "Father of the Constitution"), assured Jefferson that the Louisiana Purchase was well within even the strictest interpretation of the Constitution. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin added that since the power to negotiate treaties was specifically granted to the president, the only way extending the country's territory by treaty could not be a presidential power would be if it were specifically excluded by the Constitution (which it was not). Jefferson, as a strict constructionist, was right to be concerned about staying within the bounds of the Constitution, but felt the power of these arguments and became willing to "acquiesce with satisfaction" if the Congress approved the treaty.[24]

The Senate quickly ratified the treaty, and the House, with equal alacrity, authorized the funding needed, as the Constitution specifies.[25]


The original treaty of the Louisiana Purchase
The opposition of New England Federalists to the Louisiana Purchase was primarily economic self-interest, not any legitimate concern over constitutionality or whether France owned Louisiana. The Northerners were not enthusiastic about Western farmers gaining another outlet for their crops that did not require the use of New England ports. Also, many Federalists were speculators in lands in upstate New York and New England, and were hoping to sell these lands to farmers, who might go west instead, if the Louisiana Purchase went through. They also feared that this would lead to Western states being formed, which would likely be Republican, and dilute the political power of New England Federalists.[25][26]

When Spain later objected to the United States purchasing Louisiana from France, Madison responded that America had first approached Spain to purchase the property, and had been told by Spain itself that America would have to treat with France for the territory.
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Henry Adams and other historians argue that Jefferson was a hypocrite in the Louisiana Purchase, primarily pointing to the fact that Jefferson was a strict constructionist in his views on the Constitution, yet allegedly took a loose constructionist view of the Constitution regarding the Louisiana Purchase.[17] This argument goes as follows:

The American purchase of the Louisiana territory was not accomplished without domestic opposition. Jefferson's philosophical consistency was in question because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. Many people believed he, and other Jeffersonians such as James Madison, were being hypocritical by doing something they surely would have argued against with Alexander Hamilton. The Federalists strongly opposed the purchase, favoring close relations with Britain over closer ties to Napoleon, and were concerned that the United States had paid a large sum of money just to declare war on Spain.[citation needed]

Both Federalists and Jeffersonians were concerned about whether the purchase was constitutional. Many members of the House of Representatives opposed the purchase. Majority Leader John Randolph led the opposition. The House called for a vote to deny the request for the purchase, but it failed by two votes, 59–57. The Federalists even tried to prove the land belonged to Spain, not France, but available records proved otherwise.[18]

The Federalists also feared that the political power of the Atlantic seaboard states would be threatened by the new citizens of the west, bringing about a clash of western farmers with the merchants and bankers of New England. There was concern that an increase in the number of slave-holding states created out of the new territory would exacerbate divisions between north and south as well. A group of northern Federalists led by Senator Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts went so far as to explore the idea of a separate northern confederacy.

Another concern was whether it was proper to grant citizenship to the French, Spanish, and free black people living in New Orleans, as the treaty would dictate. Critics in Congress worried whether these "foreigners", unacquainted with democracy, could or should become citizens.[19]

Spain protested the transfer on two grounds: First, France had previously promised in a note not to alienate Louisiana to a third party and second, France had not fully fulfilled the Treaty of San Ildefonso by having the King of Etruria recognized by all European powers. The French government replied that these objections were baseless: the promise not to alienate Louisiana was not in the treaty of San Ildefonso itself and therefore had no legal force, and the Spanish government had ordered Louisiana to be transferred in October 1802 despite knowing for months that Britain had not recognized the King of Etruria in the Treaty of Amiens.[20]

Henry Adams claimed "The sale of Louisiana to the United States was trebly invalid; if it were French property, Bonaparte could not constitutionally alienate it without the consent of the Chambers; if it were Spanish property, he could not alienate it at all; if Spain had a right of reclamation, his sale was worthless."[21] The sale of course was not "worthless"—the US actually did take possession. Furthermore the Spanish prime minister had authorized the U.S. to negotiate with the French government "the acquisition of territories which may suit their interests." Spain turned the territory over to France in a ceremony in New Orleans on November 30, a month before France turned it over to American officials.[22]

Other historians counter the above arguments regarding Jefferson's alleged hypocrisy as follows:

Countries change their borders in two ways: (1) conquest, or (2) an agreement between nations, otherwise known as a treaty. The Louisiana Purchase was the latter, a treaty. The Constitution specifically grants the president the power to negotiate treaties (Art. II, Sec. 2), which is just what Jefferson did.[23]

Jefferson's Secretary of State, James Madison (the "Father of the Constitution"), assured Jefferson that the Louisiana Purchase was well within even the strictest interpretation of the Constitution. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin added that since the power to negotiate treaties was specifically granted to the president, the only way extending the country's territory by treaty could not be a presidential power would be if it were specifically excluded by the Constitution (which it was not). Jefferson, as a strict constructionist, was right to be concerned about staying within the bounds of the Constitution, but felt the power of these arguments and became willing to "acquiesce with satisfaction" if the Congress approved the treaty.[24]

The Senate quickly ratified the treaty, and the House, with equal alacrity, authorized the funding needed, as the Constitution specifies.[25]


The original treaty of the Louisiana Purchase
The opposition of New England Federalists to the Louisiana Purchase was primarily economic self-interest, not any legitimate concern over constitutionality or whether France owned Louisiana. The Northerners were not enthusiastic about Western farmers gaining another outlet for their crops that did not require the use of New England ports. Also, many Federalists were speculators in lands in upstate New York and New England, and were hoping to sell these lands to farmers, who might go west instead, if the Louisiana Purchase went through. They also feared that this would lead to Western states being formed, which would likely be Republican, and dilute the political power of New England Federalists.[25][26]

When Spain later objected to the United States purchasing Louisiana from France, Madison responded that America had first approached Spain to purchase the property, and had been told by Spain itself that America would have to treat with France for the territory.
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Henry Adams dan sejarawan lainnya berpendapat bahwa Jefferson adalah seorang munafik di Louisiana Purchase, terutama menunjuk pada fakta bahwa Jefferson adalah konstruksionis ketat dalam pandangannya tentang Konstitusi, namun diduga mengambil pandangan konstruksionis longgar dari Konstitusi tentang Louisiana Purchase. [ 17] Argumen ini berjalan sebagai berikut: Pembelian Amerika dari wilayah Louisiana tidak dicapai tanpa oposisi domestik. Konsistensi filosofis Jefferson menjadi tanda tanya karena penafsiran yang ketat tentang Konstitusi. Banyak orang percaya bahwa ia, dan Jeffersonians lainnya seperti James Madison, sedang munafik dengan melakukan sesuatu yang mereka pasti akan menentang dengan Alexander Hamilton. The Federalis sangat menentang pembelian, mendukung hubungan erat dengan Inggris atas hubungan dekat dengan Napoleon, dan khawatir bahwa Amerika Serikat telah membayar sejumlah besar uang hanya untuk menyatakan perang terhadap Spanyol. [Rujukan?] Kedua Federalis dan Jeffersonians khawatir tentang apakah pembelian itu konstitusional. Banyak anggota DPR menentang pembelian. Pemimpin Mayoritas John Randolph memimpin oposisi. DPR menyerukan pemungutan suara untuk menolak permintaan pembelian, tapi gagal oleh dua orang, 59-57. The Federalis bahkan mencoba untuk membuktikan tanah itu milik Spanyol, bukan Perancis, tapi catatan yang tersedia membuktikan sebaliknya. [18] The Federalis juga takut bahwa kekuasaan politik dari daerah pesisir Atlantik negara akan terancam oleh warga baru barat, membawa sekitar benturan petani Barat dengan pedagang dan bankir dari New England. Ada kekhawatiran bahwa peningkatan jumlah budak-memegang negara diciptakan dari wilayah baru akan memperburuk perpecahan antara utara dan selatan juga. Sekelompok Federalis Utara yang dipimpin oleh Senator Timothy Pickering dari Massachusetts pergi sejauh untuk mengeksplorasi ide konfederasi Utara yang terpisah. Kekhawatiran lain adalah apakah itu tepat untuk memberikan kewarganegaraan kepada Perancis, Spanyol, dan orang-orang kulit hitam bebas yang tinggal di New Orleans , seperti perjanjian akan mendikte. Kritik di Kongres khawatir apakah ini "asing", kenal dengan demokrasi, bisa atau harus menjadi warga negara [19]. Spanyol memprotes transfer pada dua alasan: Pertama, Perancis sebelumnya berjanji dalam catatan tidak mengasingkan Louisiana kepada pihak ketiga dan kedua , Prancis belum sepenuhnya memenuhi Perjanjian San Ildefonso dengan memiliki Raja Etruria diakui oleh semua negara Eropa. Pemerintah Prancis menjawab bahwa keberatan tersebut tidak berdasar: janji untuk tidak mengasingkan Louisiana tidak dalam perjanjian San Ildefonso sendiri dan karena itu tidak memiliki kekuatan hukum, dan pemerintah Spanyol telah memerintahkan Louisiana akan ditransfer di Oktober 1802 meskipun tahu selama berbulan-bulan yang . Inggris tidak mengakui Raja Etruria dalam Perjanjian Amiens [20] Henry Adams menyatakan "Penjualan Louisiana ke Amerika Serikat adalah trebly valid, jika itu adalah milik Perancis, Bonaparte tidak bisa mengasingkan konstitusional tanpa persetujuan dari Chambers, jika itu adalah properti Spanyol, ia tidak bisa mengasingkan sama sekali, jika Spanyol memiliki hak reklamasi, penjualan tidak berharga "[21] Penjualan tentu saja tidak" tidak berguna "-yang AS benar-benar melakukan menguasai.. Selanjutnya Spanyol perdana menteri telah resmi AS untuk bernegosiasi dengan pemerintah Perancis "akuisisi wilayah yang mungkin sesuai kepentingan mereka." Spanyol berbalik wilayah ke Perancis dalam sebuah upacara di New Orleans pada 30 November, sebulan sebelum Perancis mengalihkannya kepada pejabat Amerika [22]. sejarawan lain melawan argumen di atas tentang Jefferson dugaan kemunafikan sebagai berikut: Negara mengubah perbatasan mereka dalam dua cara: (1) penaklukan, atau (2) perjanjian antara bangsa-bangsa, atau dikenal sebagai perjanjian. Pembelian Louisiana adalah yang terakhir, perjanjian. Konstitusi secara khusus memberikan presiden kekuatan untuk bernegosiasi perjanjian (Art. II, Sec. 2), yang hanya apa Jefferson lakukan. [23] Sekretaris Jefferson Negeri, James Madison ("Bapak Konstitusi"), meyakinkan Jefferson bahwa Louisiana Purchase baik dalam bahkan interpretasi ketat Konstitusi. Menteri Keuangan Albert Gallatin menambahkan bahwa sejak kekuatan untuk bernegosiasi perjanjian secara khusus diberikan kepada presiden, satu-satunya cara memperluas wilayah negara dengan perjanjian tidak bisa menjadi kekuatan presiden akan jika itu secara khusus dikecualikan oleh Konstitusi (yang itu tidak). Jefferson, sebagai konstruksionis ketat, [24] benar untuk peduli tentang tinggal dalam batas-batas konstitusi, tetapi merasa kekuatan argumen ini dan menjadi bersedia untuk "menyetujui dengan kepuasan" jika Kongres menyetujui perjanjian. Senat cepat meratifikasi perjanjian itu, dan DPR, dengan sigap sama, resmi dana yang dibutuhkan, seperti Konstitusi menentukan. [25] Perjanjian asli dari Louisiana Purchase Oposisi dari New England Federalis ke Louisiana Purchase terutama ekonomi kepentingan, tidak kekhawatiran yang sah atas konstitusionalitas atau apakah Perancis dimiliki Louisiana. Para orang Utara tidak antusias petani Barat mendapatkan outlet lain untuk tanaman mereka yang tidak memerlukan penggunaan port New England. Selain itu, banyak Federalis adalah spekulan di tanah di New York dan New England, dan berharap untuk menjual tanah tersebut kepada petani, yang mungkin pergi ke barat sebagai gantinya, jika Louisiana Purchase pergi melalui. Mereka juga takut bahwa hal ini akan mengakibatkan negara-negara Barat yang terbentuk, yang kemungkinan akan Republikan, dan mencairkan kekuatan politik New England Federalis. [25] [26] Ketika Spanyol kemudian keberatan ke Amerika Serikat membeli Louisiana dari Perancis, Madison menanggapi bahwa Amerika pertama kali mendekati Spanyol untuk membeli properti, dan telah diberitahu oleh Spanyol sendiri bahwa Amerika akan harus memperlakukan dengan Perancis untuk wilayah.

























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