FIGURE 2 – Temporal parameters TTCp, Ts and TTCv vs. Time. Identificat terjemahan - FIGURE 2 – Temporal parameters TTCp, Ts and TTCv vs. Time. Identificat Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

FIGURE 2 – Temporal parameters TTCp

FIGURE 2 – Temporal parameters TTCp, Ts and TTCv vs. Time. Identification of
Potential conflict time (TTZduration).
The difference ΔTi, between the Time to Stopping (Ts) and the Time to Collision (TTCv) at
instant i, is a measure of the chance to make a safe emergency stop. Therefore it can be
considered a surrogate measure of the probability that the collision between vehicle and
pedestrian occurs.
Regarding the severity of the conflict, previous studies using real-world accident data (16, 18,
19, 20), determined that injury severity among pedestrians strongly depended on the impact
speed (Figure 3). Basing on these studies, at 70 km/h of impact speed there is approximately a
40 percent chance of fatal injury for a pedestrian hit by a vehicle (Figure 3).
Although other studies report a 50% chance of fatal injuries at 53 km/h by Pasanen (14), at 45
km/h by Anderson (21) or at 52 km/h by Ashton (22), they focused on the form of the
correlation between impact speed and severity rather than on the value of the probability for
pedestrian fatality, it can be assumed that the correlation between probability of pedestrian
fatality and impact speed (Vimpact) follows the second power law (FIGURE 3).
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FIGURE 2 – Temporal parameters TTCp, Ts and TTCv vs. Time. Identification ofPotential conflict time (TTZduration).The difference ΔTi, between the Time to Stopping (Ts) and the Time to Collision (TTCv) atinstant i, is a measure of the chance to make a safe emergency stop. Therefore it can beconsidered a surrogate measure of the probability that the collision between vehicle andpedestrian occurs.Regarding the severity of the conflict, previous studies using real-world accident data (16, 18,19, 20), determined that injury severity among pedestrians strongly depended on the impactspeed (Figure 3). Basing on these studies, at 70 km/h of impact speed there is approximately a40 percent chance of fatal injury for a pedestrian hit by a vehicle (Figure 3).Although other studies report a 50% chance of fatal injuries at 53 km/h by Pasanen (14), at 45km/h by Anderson (21) or at 52 km/h by Ashton (22), they focused on the form of thecorrelation between impact speed and severity rather than on the value of the probability forpedestrian fatality, it can be assumed that the correlation between probability of pedestrianfatality and impact speed (Vimpact) follows the second power law (FIGURE 3).
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GAMBAR 2 - parameter Temporal ttcp, Ts dan TTCv vs Time. Identifikasi
Potensi waktu konflik (TTZduration).
Perbedaan ΔTi, antara Waktu untuk Menghentikan (Ts) dan Waktu untuk Collision (TTCv) di
instan i, adalah ukuran dari kesempatan untuk membuat berhenti darurat yang aman. Oleh karena itu dapat
dianggap sebagai ukuran pengganti dari probabilitas bahwa tabrakan antara kendaraan dan
pejalan kaki terjadi.
Mengenai keparahan konflik, studi sebelumnya menggunakan data dunia nyata kecelakaan (16, 18,
​​19, 20), menetapkan bahwa keparahan cedera antara pejalan kaki sangat tergantung pada dampak
kecepatan (Gambar 3). Mendasarkan pada studi ini, pada 70 km / jam kecepatan dampak ada kira-kira
40 persen kesempatan cedera fatal bagi pejalan kaki ditabrak kendaraan (Gambar 3).
Meskipun penelitian lain melaporkan kesempatan 50% dari cedera fatal di 53 km / h oleh Pasanen (14), pada 45
km / jam oleh Anderson (21) atau 52 km / jam dengan Ashton (22), mereka fokus pada bentuk
korelasi antara kecepatan dampak dan tingkat keparahan bukan pada nilai probabilitas untuk
kematian pejalan kaki, dapat diasumsikan bahwa korelasi antara probabilitas pejalan kaki
kematian dan kecepatan dampak (Vimpact) mengikuti kuasa hukum kedua (Gambar 3).
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