Hasil (
Bahasa Indonesia) 1:
[Salinan]Disalin!
Emotional Proof: Striking a Responsive Chord Recent scholarship suggests that Aristotle was quite skeptical about the emotionladen public oratory typical of his era. 8He preferred the reason-based discussion characteristic of relatively small councils and executive deliberative bodies. Yet he understood that public rhetoric, if practiced ethically, benefits society. Thus, Aristotle set forth a theory of pathos. He offered it not to take advantage of an audience’s destructive emotions, but as a corrective measure that could help a speaker craft emotional appeals that inspire reasoned civic decision making. To this end, he cataloged a series of opposite feelings, then explained the conditions under which each mood is experienced, and finally described how the speaker can get an audience to feel that way. Aristotle scholar and translator George Kennedy claims that this analysis of pathos is “the earliest systematic discussion of human psychology.” 9If Aristotle’s advice sounds familiar, it may be a sign that human nature hasn’t changed much in the last 2,300 years. Anger versus Mildness. Aristotle’s discussion of anger was an early version of Freud’s frustration–aggression hypothesis. People feel angry when they are thwarted in their attempt to fulfill a need. Remind them of interpersonal slights, and they’ll become irate. Show them that the offender is sorry, deserves praise, or has great power, and the audience will calm down. Love or Friendship versus Hatred. Consistent with present-day research on attraction, Aristotle considered similarity the key to mutual warmth. The speaker should point out common goals, experiences, attitudes, and desires. In the absence of these positive forces, a common enemy can be used to create solidarity. Fear versus Confidence. Fear comes from a mental image of potential disaster. The speaker should paint a vivid word picture of the tragedy, showing that its occurrence is probable. Confidence can be built up by describing the danger as remote. Indignation versus Pity. We all have a built-in sense of fairness. As the producers of 60 Minutesprove weekly, it’s easy to arouse a sense of injustice by describing an arbitrary use of power upon those who are helpless. Admiration versus Envy. People admire moral virtue, power, wealth, and beauty. By demonstrating that an individual has acquired life’s goods through hard work rather than mere luck, admiration will increase.
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..