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Arsenic, as an environmental agent, is considered to be a very high priority toxic substance largely due to its carcinogenic potential in humans (1, 2). The perplexity presented by the clear human carcinogenic capacity of this metalloid in the absence of substantiating rodent data creates further concern over what might be distinctive sensitivity in humans. In this case, defining potential mechanisms is critical in defining the nature and extent of the human health hazard. This study demonstrates that epithelial cells will undergo malignant transformation after chronic, low-level arsenic exposure and that this transformation is associated with DNA hypomethylation and aberrant gene expression. The latter includes the increased basal level expression and hyperexpressibility upon stimulation of the MT gene. The expression of the MT gene has been definitively linked to methylation status (8, 23). The association of DNA hypomethylation with carcinogenesis has been repeatedly demonstrated with other chemical agents or with methyl-restricted diets (9, 25) and was predicted based on our hypothesis that arsenic would consume cofactors essential for duplication and maintenance of DNA methylation status. These results provide the foundation for a tenable theory for mechanism in arsenic carcinogenesis and are consistent with data indicating arsenic is largely ineffective as a mutagen (11–14). In light of these findings associating arsenic methylation and malignant transformation, the fact that humans are effective methylators of arsenic may play a critical role in defining sensitivity to its carcinogenesis. The methylation of arsenic shows distinct species differences. In humans exposed to arsenic, nearly 90% of the total urinary arsenic has undergone methylation before excretion. This sharply contrasts with a level of only 20% of total urinary arsenic appearing as methylated species in rat urine (26), whereas in mice methylation of arsenic is also substantially lower than in humans (27). The TRL 1215 cells used for transformation are able to methylate arsenic at levels more typical for the rat. The consumption of methyl groups in arsenic biotransformation presumably would affect DNA methylation in a fashion related to the extent of arsenic methylation, thus potentially accounting for species differences in carcinogenic sensitivity.
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