Arsenic, as an environmental agent, is considered to be a very high pr terjemahan - Arsenic, as an environmental agent, is considered to be a very high pr Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Arsenic, as an environmental agent,

Arsenic, as an environmental agent, is considered to be a very high priority toxic substance largely due to its carcinogenic potential in humans (1, 2). The perplexity presented by the clear human carcinogenic capacity of this metalloid in the absence of substantiating rodent data creates further concern over what might be distinctive sensitivity in humans. In this case, defining potential mechanisms is critical in defining the nature and extent of the human health hazard. This study demonstrates that epithelial cells will undergo malignant transformation after chronic, low-level arsenic exposure and that this transformation is associated with DNA hypomethylation and aberrant gene expression. The latter includes the increased basal level expression and hyperexpressibility upon stimulation of the MT gene. The expression of the MT gene has been definitively linked to methylation status (8, 23). The association of DNA hypomethylation with carcinogenesis has been repeatedly demonstrated with other chemical agents or with methyl-restricted diets (9, 25) and was predicted based on our hypothesis that arsenic would consume cofactors essential for duplication and maintenance of DNA methylation status. These results provide the foundation for a tenable theory for mechanism in arsenic carcinogenesis and are consistent with data indicating arsenic is largely ineffective as a mutagen (11–14). In light of these findings associating arsenic methylation and malignant transformation, the fact that humans are effective methylators of arsenic may play a critical role in defining sensitivity to its carcinogenesis. The methylation of arsenic shows distinct species differences. In humans exposed to arsenic, nearly 90% of the total urinary arsenic has undergone methylation before excretion. This sharply contrasts with a level of only 20% of total urinary arsenic appearing as methylated species in rat urine (26), whereas in mice methylation of arsenic is also substantially lower than in humans (27). The TRL 1215 cells used for transformation are able to methylate arsenic at levels more typical for the rat. The consumption of methyl groups in arsenic biotransformation presumably would affect DNA methylation in a fashion related to the extent of arsenic methylation, thus potentially accounting for species differences in carcinogenic sensitivity.
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Arsenic, as an environmental agent, is considered to be a very high priority toxic substance largely due to its carcinogenic potential in humans (1, 2). The perplexity presented by the clear human carcinogenic capacity of this metalloid in the absence of substantiating rodent data creates further concern over what might be distinctive sensitivity in humans. In this case, defining potential mechanisms is critical in defining the nature and extent of the human health hazard. This study demonstrates that epithelial cells will undergo malignant transformation after chronic, low-level arsenic exposure and that this transformation is associated with DNA hypomethylation and aberrant gene expression. The latter includes the increased basal level expression and hyperexpressibility upon stimulation of the MT gene. The expression of the MT gene has been definitively linked to methylation status (8, 23). The association of DNA hypomethylation with carcinogenesis has been repeatedly demonstrated with other chemical agents or with methyl-restricted diets (9, 25) and was predicted based on our hypothesis that arsenic would consume cofactors essential for duplication and maintenance of DNA methylation status. These results provide the foundation for a tenable theory for mechanism in arsenic carcinogenesis and are consistent with data indicating arsenic is largely ineffective as a mutagen (11–14). In light of these findings associating arsenic methylation and malignant transformation, the fact that humans are effective methylators of arsenic may play a critical role in defining sensitivity to its carcinogenesis. The methylation of arsenic shows distinct species differences. In humans exposed to arsenic, nearly 90% of the total urinary arsenic has undergone methylation before excretion. This sharply contrasts with a level of only 20% of total urinary arsenic appearing as methylated species in rat urine (26), whereas in mice methylation of arsenic is also substantially lower than in humans (27). The TRL 1215 cells used for transformation are able to methylate arsenic at levels more typical for the rat. The consumption of methyl groups in arsenic biotransformation presumably would affect DNA methylation in a fashion related to the extent of arsenic methylation, thus potentially accounting for species differences in carcinogenic sensitivity.
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Arsenik, sebagai agen lingkungan, dianggap menjadi prioritas zat beracun yang sangat tinggi terutama karena potensi karsinogenik pada manusia (1, 2). The kebingungan disajikan oleh kapasitas karsinogenik manusia jelas metalloid ini dengan tidak adanya substantiating Data tikus menciptakan kekhawatiran lebih lanjut atas apa yang mungkin sensitivitas khas pada manusia. Dalam hal ini, mendefinisikan mekanisme potensial sangat penting dalam menentukan sifat dan tingkat bahaya kesehatan manusia. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa sel-sel epitel akan mengalami transformasi maligna setelah kronis, paparan arsenik tingkat rendah dan bahwa transformasi ini dikaitkan dengan hypomethylation DNA dan ekspresi gen menyimpang. Yang terakhir ini termasuk ekspresi meningkat basal tingkat dan hyperexpressibility pada stimulasi dari gen MT. Ekspresi gen MT telah definitif terkait dengan metilasi Status (8, 23). Asosiasi hypomethylation DNA dengan karsinogenesis telah berulang kali menunjukkan dengan agen kimia lainnya atau dengan metil-dibatasi diet (9, 25) dan diprediksi berdasarkan hipotesis kami bahwa arsenik akan mengkonsumsi kofaktor penting untuk duplikasi dan pemeliharaan status metilasi DNA. Hasil ini memberikan landasan bagi teori dapat dipertahankan untuk mekanisme karsinogenesis arsenik dan konsisten dengan data yang menunjukkan arsenik adalah sebagian besar tidak efektif sebagai mutagen (11-14). Mengingat temuan ini menghubungkan arsenik metilasi dan transformasi maligna, fakta bahwa manusia methylators efektif arsenik dapat memainkan peran penting dalam menentukan kepekaan terhadap karsinogenesis nya. Metilasi arsenik menunjukkan spesies yang berbeda perbedaan. Pada manusia terkena arsenik, hampir 90% dari total arsenik urin telah mengalami metilasi sebelum ekskresi. Ini tajam kontras dengan tingkat hanya 20% dari total arsenik urin muncul spesies alkohol dalam urin tikus (26), sedangkan pada tikus metilasi arsenik juga jauh lebih rendah dari pada manusia (27). TRL 1215 sel yang digunakan untuk transformasi mampu methylate arsenik pada tingkat yang lebih khas untuk tikus. Konsumsi kelompok metil di biotransformasi arsenik mungkin akan mempengaruhi metilasi DNA secara terkait dengan tingkat metilasi arsenik, sehingga berpotensi akuntansi untuk spesies perbedaan dalam sensitivitas karsinogenik.
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