The most common approach in human studies of prenatal distress is to t terjemahan - The most common approach in human studies of prenatal distress is to t Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The most common approach in human s

The most common approach in human studies of prenatal distress is to track samples with
varying degrees of exposures from pregnancy through to the postnatal period, and then
connect this variation to child outcomes. The inability to experimentally introduce distress at
a particular point in pregnancy (for obvious ethical reasons) means that there is limited
leverage for assessing a timing effect; that is likely why there is no consensus yet on the
timing of distress for most of the outcomes assessed. The one possible exception to this is a
handful of reports from naturalistic studies suggesting that early and not later gestational
distress may be linked to certain neurological or more severe disturbances (Carmichael &
Shaw, 2000; Glover, O'Connor, Heron, & Golding, 2004; Khashan, et al., 2008). Studies
that have capitalized on a natural disaster to examine timing or severity effects hypothesis,
such as the Quebec ice storm (King et al., 2009) or the terrorist attacks on September 11th
(Yehuda et al., 2005), or hurricane Katrina (Harville, Xiong, & Buekens, 2009) have yielded
interesting findings, but in these studies duration and timing are confounded, i.e., those
women who experience the event earlier in pregnancy are affected by it and its
consequences for a greater percentage of the pregnancy than those later exposed).
One consistent finding is that the effects of prenatal distress on child outcomes are not
limited to severe maternal prenatal disturbance; rather, fairly linear or near dose-response
patterns have been reported (even in studies that elect to present results using dichotomized
scaling). That is an important observation insofar as it implies that the potential impact of
prenatal maternal distress may be detectable at subclinical levels of distress or impairment,
further raising and broadening the public health concern. One obvious implication is that
interventions to reduce prenatal distress – for the benefit of the mother and child – need not
be limited to or necessarily targeted on those women with clinical disorder.
Comparatively few studies have considered or differentiated the source of maternal prenatal
distress. As a result, it is not clear if the increased burden or demands that may rise in
pregnancy are more germane than, for example, long-standing anxiety-proneness; stressors
particular to pregnancy have been discussed, including intimate partner violence and worries
that may be especially salient to the pregnancy. Alternatively, it may be that routine
stressors from the workplace or other settings become more burdensome in pregnancy –
although available data suggest the opposite (Glynn, Wadhwa, Dunkel-Schetter, Chicz-
Demet, & Sandman, 2001; Kammerer, Adams, Castelberg Bv, & Glover, 2002). Sorting out
the source of stress may provide clues to the forms that effective cognitive and psychosocial
interventions may take, although each of these stressors, if they were to affect fetal
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The most common approach in human studies of prenatal distress is to track samples withvarying degrees of exposures from pregnancy through to the postnatal period, and thenconnect this variation to child outcomes. The inability to experimentally introduce distress ata particular point in pregnancy (for obvious ethical reasons) means that there is limitedleverage for assessing a timing effect; that is likely why there is no consensus yet on thetiming of distress for most of the outcomes assessed. The one possible exception to this is ahandful of reports from naturalistic studies suggesting that early and not later gestationaldistress may be linked to certain neurological or more severe disturbances (Carmichael &Shaw, 2000; Glover, O'Connor, Heron, & Golding, 2004; Khashan, et al., 2008). Studiesthat have capitalized on a natural disaster to examine timing or severity effects hypothesis,such as the Quebec ice storm (King et al., 2009) or the terrorist attacks on September 11th(Yehuda et al., 2005), or hurricane Katrina (Harville, Xiong, & Buekens, 2009) have yieldedinteresting findings, but in these studies duration and timing are confounded, i.e., thosewomen who experience the event earlier in pregnancy are affected by it and itsconsequences for a greater percentage of the pregnancy than those later exposed).One consistent finding is that the effects of prenatal distress on child outcomes are notlimited to severe maternal prenatal disturbance; rather, fairly linear or near dose-responsepatterns have been reported (even in studies that elect to present results using dichotomizedscaling). That is an important observation insofar as it implies that the potential impact ofprenatal maternal distress may be detectable at subclinical levels of distress or impairment,further raising and broadening the public health concern. One obvious implication is thatinterventions to reduce prenatal distress – for the benefit of the mother and child – need notbe limited to or necessarily targeted on those women with clinical disorder.Comparatively few studies have considered or differentiated the source of maternal prenataldistress. As a result, it is not clear if the increased burden or demands that may rise inpregnancy are more germane than, for example, long-standing anxiety-proneness; stressorsparticular to pregnancy have been discussed, including intimate partner violence and worriesthat may be especially salient to the pregnancy. Alternatively, it may be that routinestressors from the workplace or other settings become more burdensome in pregnancy –although available data suggest the opposite (Glynn, Wadhwa, Dunkel-Schetter, Chicz-Demet, & Sandman, 2001; Kammerer, Adams, Castelberg Bv, & Glover, 2002). Sorting outthe source of stress may provide clues to the forms that effective cognitive and psychosocialinterventions may take, although each of these stressors, if they were to affect fetal
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Pendekatan yang paling umum dalam studi manusia dari kesusahan prenatal adalah untuk melacak sampel dengan
berbagai tingkat eksposur dari kehamilan hingga masa postnatal, dan kemudian
menghubungkan variasi ini dengan hasil anak. Ketidakmampuan untuk eksperimen memperkenalkan distress pada
titik tertentu dalam kehamilan (untuk alasan etis yang jelas) berarti bahwa ada terbatas
leverage yang untuk menilai efek waktu; yang mungkin mengapa tidak ada konsensus belum pada
waktu kesusahan bagi sebagian besar hasil yang dinilai. Satu pengecualian untuk ini adalah
beberapa laporan dari studi naturalistik menunjukkan bahwa awal dan selambat gestasional
marabahaya mungkin terkait dengan gangguan neurologis atau lebih parah tertentu (Carmichael &
Shaw, 2000; Glover, O'Connor, Heron, & Golding, 2004;. Khashan, et al, 2008). Studi
yang telah memanfaatkan bencana alam untuk memeriksa waktu atau efek keparahan hipotesis,
seperti badai es Quebec (King et al., 2009) atau serangan teroris pada tanggal 11 September
(Yehuda et al., 2005), atau badai Katrina ( Harville, Xiong, & Buekens, 2009) telah menghasilkan
temuan menarik, tetapi dalam durasi studi dan waktu yang dikacaukan, yaitu, mereka
wanita yang mengalami peristiwa sebelumnya dalam kehamilan dipengaruhi oleh itu dan yang
konsekuensi untuk persentase lebih besar dari kehamilan dari mereka kemudian terkena).
Salah satu temuan yang konsisten adalah bahwa efek distress prenatal pada hasil anak tidak
terbatas pada gangguan kehamilan ibu yang parah; bukan, dosis-respons yang cukup linear atau dekat
pola telah dilaporkan (bahkan dalam studi yang memilih untuk menyajikan hasil menggunakan pendikotomian
skala). Itu adalah pengamatan penting sejauh ini menunjukkan bahwa dampak potensial dari
marabahaya ibu prenatal dapat terdeteksi pada tingkat subklinis tekanan atau gangguan,
lanjut meningkatkan dan memperluas masalah kesehatan masyarakat. Salah satu implikasi yang jelas adalah bahwa
intervensi untuk mengurangi tekanan prenatal - untuk kepentingan ibu dan anak - perlu
tidak. Terbatas atau selalu ditargetkan pada wanita-wanita dengan gangguan klinis
Relatif sedikit penelitian yang dianggap atau dibedakan sumber prenatal ibu
tertekan. Akibatnya, tidak jelas apakah peningkatan beban atau tuntutan yang akan naik di
kehamilan lebih erat daripada, misalnya, lama kecemasan-wilayah rawan; stres
khusus untuk kehamilan telah dibahas, termasuk kekerasan pasangan intim dan kekhawatiran
yang mungkin terutama penting untuk kehamilan. Atau, mungkin yang rutin
stres dari tempat kerja atau pengaturan lain menjadi lebih memberatkan pada kehamilan -
meskipun data yang tersedia menunjukkan sebaliknya (Glynn, Wadhwa, Dunkel-SCHETTER, Chicz-
Demet, & Sandman, 2001; Kammerer, Adams, Castelberg Bv , & Glover, 2002). Memilah
sumber stres dapat memberikan petunjuk untuk bentuk-bentuk yang kognitif dan psikososial efektif
intervensi dapat mengambil, meskipun masing-masing stres ini, jika mereka mempengaruhi janin
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