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B. Mixing Issues in Tumbling BlendersMixing in tumbling blenders takes place as the result of particle motions in a thin,cascading layer at the surface of the material, while the remainder of the materialbelow rotates with the vessel as a rigid body. Current thinking describes the blendingprocess as taking place by three essentially independent mechanisms: convection,dispersion, and shear. Convection causes large groups of particles to move inthe direction of flow (orthogonal to the axis of rotation), the result of vessel rotation.Dispersion is the random motion of particles as a result of collisions or interparticlemotion, usually orthogonal to the direction of flow (parallel to the axisof rotation). Shear separates particles that have joined due to agglomeration or cohesionand requires high forces. While all mechanisms are active to some extentin any blender, tumbling blenders impart very little shear, unless an intensifier bar(I-bar) or chopper blade is used (in some cases, high shear is detrimental to the activeingredient and so is avoided). While these definitions are helpful from a conceptualstandpoint, blending does not take place as merely three independent, scalablemechanisms. However, attentive planning of the blending operation canemphasize or de-emphasize specific mechanisms and have significant impact onmixing rate.
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