Implicit in the excessiveness of tr

Implicit in the excessiveness of tragic suffering is the idea that the universe is
mysterious and often unfair and that unseen but power-full force-fate, fortune,
circumstances, and the gods-directly intervene in human life. As a result, a good deed
may produce suffering, and an evil deed may produce reward. These examples
illustrate the commonness of situational and cosmic irony in tragedy. Characters are
pushed into situations that are caused by others or that they themselves unwittingly
cause. When they try to act responsibly and nobly to relieve their situations, their
actions do not produce the expected result.
For example, Oedipus brings suffering on himself just when he succeeds-and
because he succeeds-in rescuing his city. Whether on the personal or cosmic level,
therefore, there is no escape: no way to evade responsibility, and no way to change
the universal laws that push human beings into such situations. Situational and cosmic
irony is not only found in ancient tragedies. In Death of Salesman, Miller’s hero,
Willy Loman, is gripped not so much by godly power as by time-the agent of
destruction being the unavoidable force of economic circumstances.
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These ironies are related to what is called the tragic dilemma – a situation that
forces the tragic protagonist to make a difficult choice. The tragic dilemma has also
been called a “lose-lose” situation. Thus, Oedipus cannot avoid his duty as king of
Thebes because that would be ruinous. In other words, the choices posed in a tragic
dilemma seemingly permit freedom of will, but the consequences of any choice
demonstrate the inescapable fact that powerful forces, perhaps even fate or
inevitability, baffle even the most reasonable and noble intentions.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Tersirat dalam berlebihan tragis penderitaan adalah gagasan bahwa alam semestamisterius dan sering tidak adil dan bahwa gaib tapi kekuatan penuh kekuatan-nasib, keberuntungan,keadaan, dan dewa-langsung campur tangan dalam kehidupan manusia. Sebagai hasilnya, perbuatan baikdapat menghasilkan penderitaan dan perbuatan jahat mungkin menghasilkan pahala. Contoh-contoh inimenggambarkan commonness situasional dan kosmik ironi dalam tragedi. Karakterdidorong ke dalam situasi yang disebabkan oleh orang lain atau bahwa mereka sendiri tanpa disadaripenyebab. Ketika mereka mencoba untuk bertindak bertanggung jawab dan mulia untuk meringankan keadaan mereka, merekatindakan tidak menghasilkan hasil yang diharapkan.Sebagai contoh, Oedipus membawa penderitaan atas dirinya hanya ketika dia berhasil- dankarena ia berhasil-dalam menyelamatkan kota. Apakah di tingkat pribadi atau kosmis,oleh karena itu, ada tidak lolos: ada cara untuk menghindari tanggung jawab, dan tidak ada cara untuk mengubahHukum universal yang mendorong manusia ke dalam situasi seperti itu. Situasional dan kosmikironi tidak hanya ditemukan dalam tragedi kuno. Dalam kematian Salesman, pahlawan Miller,Willy Loman, dicengkeram tidak begitu banyak dengan kekuatan saleh seperti oleh waktu-the agenpenghancuran menjadi kekuatan tidak dapat dihindari dari keadaan ekonomi.32Ini ironi yang berhubungan dengan apa yang disebut dilema tragis-situasi yangpasukan protagonis tragis untuk membuat pilihan yang sulit. Dilema tragis juga memilikidisebut "kehilangan-kehilangan" situasi. Dengan demikian, Oedipus tidak dapat menghindari tugasnya sebagai rajaThebes because that would be ruinous. In other words, the choices posed in a tragicdilemma seemingly permit freedom of will, but the consequences of any choicedemonstrate the inescapable fact that powerful forces, perhaps even fate orinevitability, baffle even the most reasonable and noble intentions.