It is clear enough that definite descriptions like

It is clear enough that definite de

It is clear enough that definite descriptions like "the F" are often used to talk about specific objects in the world. It is far less clear, however, what the significance of this claim should be for semantic theory. Some have posited that definite descriptions have a semantically-significant "referential use". Indeed, some have gone so far as to propose that there are semantically-significant referential uses of indefinite descriptions as well. When used referentially, the idea goes, descriptions serve to make the truth-conditions of the utterance of which they are a part object-dependent. In contrast, others have claimed that definite and indefinite descriptions each represent unified semantic categories, categories which serve to isolate objects only indirectly, via descriptions of them (those who allow for semantically-significant referential uses call uses in line with this analysis "attributive uses"). According to this unified analysis, descriptions can still be used in context to talk about specific objects, but this is a matter not just of their meaning, but also of the shared background assumptions of the speaker and listener. In other words, the effective use of these expressions to talk about specific objects is a matter of pragmatics, not semantics. The question of whether to allow for a semantically-significant referential use of definite and indefinite descriptions thus turns out to hinge on a set of deeper questions regarding the nature of semantics and pragmatics, and, in particular, what constitutes the border between these.
Key works Russell 1905 proposed to treat sentences containing definite descriptions (e.g. "The F is F") as semantically equivalent to "There is one and only one F, and it is G." In other words, and in contrast to his earlier Russell 1903, Russell proposed to treat definite descriptions, semantically, as a univocal class of non-referring terms. As against this analysis, both Strawson 1950 and Donnellan 1966 argue that definite descriptions are only sometimes used attributively—that is, in line with Russell's analysis. Often, definite descriptions are used to refer, and such referential uses differ in their truth-conditions from what the attributive analysis would predict. In particular, such uses are object-dependent. Kripke 1977 offers a defense of the univocal, attributive analysis, arguing that while definite descriptions may be used to refer, this is a pragmatically significant observation rather than a semantic one. Subsequently, Neale 1990 has furthered these arguments, whereas Reimer 1998 and Devitt 1997 have offered additional arguments in favor of the semantic significance of referential uses of definite descriptions. Finally, Chastain 1975 suggests extending the notion of semantically-singificant referential uses to indefinite descriptions as well.
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Hal ini cukup jelas bahwa Deskripsi pasti seperti "F" sering digunakan untuk berbicara tentang objek tertentu di dunia. Hal ini jauh lebih jelas, namun, apa makna klaim ini harus teori semantik. Sebagian telah mengemukakan bahwa Deskripsi pasti memiliki semantik signifikan "referensial menggunakan". Memang, beberapa telah pergi sejauh untuk mengusulkan bahwa ada semantik signifikan referensial kegunaan terbatas Deskripsi juga. Ketika digunakan referentially, ide pergi, Deskripsi melayani untuk membuat kebenaran-kondisi ucapan yang mereka adalah bagian bergantung pada objek. Sebaliknya, orang lain telah menyatakan bahwa Deskripsi pasti dan tidak terbatas masing-masing mewakili bersatu kategori semantik, Kategori yang berfungsi untuk mengisolasi objek secara tidak langsung, melalui deskripsi dari mereka (mereka yang memungkinkan untuk menggunakan panggilan menggunakan referensial semantik signifikan Sejalan dengan ini analisis "atributif menggunakan"). Menurut analisis ini bersatu, Deskripsi masih dapat digunakan dalam konteks untuk berbicara tentang objek tertentu, tapi ini adalah masalah bukan hanya dari makna mereka, tetapi juga dari asumsi latar belakang bersama pembicara dan pendengar. Dengan kata lain, penggunaan yang efektif dari ungkapan-ungkapan ini untuk berbicara tentang objek tertentu adalah masalah Pragmatika, tidak semantik. Pertanyaan apakah untuk memungkinkan untuk penggunaan referensial semantik signifikan Deskripsi pasti dan tidak terbatas sehingga ternyata bergantung pada serangkaian pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang lebih mendalam mengenai sifat dari semantik dan pragmatik bahasa Bali, dan, khususnya, apa yang merupakan perbatasan antara.
kunci bekerja 1905 Russell yang diusulkan untuk mengobati kalimat berisi deskripsi pasti (misalnya "F adalah F") sebagai semantik setara dengan "ada satu dan hanya satu F, dan itu G." Dengan kata lain, dan berbeda dengan nya sebelumnya 1903 Russell, Russell mengusulkan untuk mengobati pasti deskripsi, semantik, sebagai kelas univocal istilah-istilah yang bebas merujuk. Seperti terhadap analisis ini, Strawson 1950 dan Donnellan 1966 berpendapat bahwa Deskripsi pasti hanya kadang-kadang digunakan attributively — yaitu di garis dengan Russell analisis. Sering kali, pasti Deskripsi digunakan untuk merujuk, dan menggunakan seperti referensial berbeda dalam kondisi mereka kebenaran dari apa yang akan memprediksi analisis atributif. Khususnya, menggunakan seperti bergantung pada objek. Kripke 1977 menawarkan pertahanan analisis univocal, atributif, berdebat bahwa sementara Deskripsi pasti dapat digunakan untuk merujuk, ini adalah observasi yang pragmatis signifikan daripada satu semantik. Selanjutnya, Neale 1990 memiliki furthered argumen-argumen tersebut Sedangkan Reimer 1998 dan Devitt 1997 telah ditawarkan argumen tambahan mendukung makna semantik referensial menggunakan Deskripsi pasti. Akhirnya, Chastain 1975 menunjukkan memperluas pengertian tentang semantik-singificant referensial kegunaan terbatas Deskripsi juga.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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It is clear enough that definite descriptions like "the F" are often used to talk about specific objects in the world. It is far less clear, however, what the significance of this claim should be for semantic theory. Some have posited that definite descriptions have a semantically-significant "referential use". Indeed, some have gone so far as to propose that there are semantically-significant referential uses of indefinite descriptions as well. When used referentially, the idea goes, descriptions serve to make the truth-conditions of the utterance of which they are a part object-dependent. In contrast, others have claimed that definite and indefinite descriptions each represent unified semantic categories, categories which serve to isolate objects only indirectly, via descriptions of them (those who allow for semantically-significant referential uses call uses in line with this analysis "attributive uses"). According to this unified analysis, descriptions can still be used in context to talk about specific objects, but this is a matter not just of their meaning, but also of the shared background assumptions of the speaker and listener. In other words, the effective use of these expressions to talk about specific objects is a matter of pragmatics, not semantics. The question of whether to allow for a semantically-significant referential use of definite and indefinite descriptions thus turns out to hinge on a set of deeper questions regarding the nature of semantics and pragmatics, and, in particular, what constitutes the border between these.
Key works Russell 1905 proposed to treat sentences containing definite descriptions (e.g. "The F is F") as semantically equivalent to "There is one and only one F, and it is G." In other words, and in contrast to his earlier Russell 1903, Russell proposed to treat definite descriptions, semantically, as a univocal class of non-referring terms. As against this analysis, both Strawson 1950 and Donnellan 1966 argue that definite descriptions are only sometimes used attributively—that is, in line with Russell's analysis. Often, definite descriptions are used to refer, and such referential uses differ in their truth-conditions from what the attributive analysis would predict. In particular, such uses are object-dependent. Kripke 1977 offers a defense of the univocal, attributive analysis, arguing that while definite descriptions may be used to refer, this is a pragmatically significant observation rather than a semantic one. Subsequently, Neale 1990 has furthered these arguments, whereas Reimer 1998 and Devitt 1997 have offered additional arguments in favor of the semantic significance of referential uses of definite descriptions. Finally, Chastain 1975 suggests extending the notion of semantically-singificant referential uses to indefinite descriptions as well.
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