Malcolm Gladwell reports on the art

Malcolm Gladwell reports on the art � or is it science? � of face reading
All of us read face. When someone says, �I love you�, we look into that person�s eyes to judge his or her sincerity. When we meet someone new, we often pickup on subtle signals, so that, even though he or she may have talked in a normal and friendly manner, afterwards, we say, �I don�t think he liked me� or �I don�t think she�s very happy�. We easily distinguish complex differences in facial expression.
The face is such an extraordinarily efficient instrument of communication that there must be rules that govern the way we interpret facial expressions. But what are those rules? And are they the same for everyone? In the 1960s, a young psychologist named Paul Ekman began to study facial expression, and he discovered that no one knew the answers to those questions. Ekman went to see an anthropologist called Margaret Mead and suggested to her that he travel around the world to find out whether people from different cultures agreed on the meaning of different facial expressions. Mead was unimpressed. Like most social scientists of her day, she believed that expression was culturally determined � that we simply used our faces according to a set of learned social convention.
If the face was part of a physiological system, he reasoned, the system could be learned. He set put to teach himself and was introduced to the face reading business by a man named Silvan Tomkins, possibly the best face reader of all time. Ekman�s most memorable encounter with Tomkins took place in the late 1960s. Ekman had just tracked down 30,000 metres of film that had been shot by the virologist Carleton Gajdusek in the remote jungles of Papua New Guinea. Some of the footage was of a tribe called the South Fore, who were peaceful and friendly people. The rest was of the Kukukuku, who were hostile and murderous. Ekman was still working on the problem of whether human facial expressions were universal, and the Gajdusek film was invaluable. For six months, Ekman and his collaborator, Wallace Friesen, sorted through the footage. They cut extraneous scenes, focusing just on close � ups of the faces of the tribesmen, and when the cuts were finished, Ekman called in Tomkins.
The two men, prote�ge� and mentor, sat at the back of the room, as faces flickered across the screen. Ekman has told Tomkins nothing about the tribes involved. At the end, Tomkins went up to the screen and pointed to the faces of the South Fore. �These are a sweet gentle people, very indulgent, very peaceful�, he said. Then he pointed to the faces of the Kukukuku. �This other group is violent, and there is lots of evidence to suggest murder�. Even today, a third of a century later, Ekman cannot get over what Tomkins did. Ekman recalls, �He went up to the screen and, while we played the film backward in slow motion, he pointed out the particular bulges and wrinkles in the face that he was using to make his judgement. �That�s when I realised�, Ekman says, �that I had to unpack the face�.
Ekman and Friesen decided that they needed o create a taxonomy* of facial expressions, so day after day, they sat across from each other and began to make every conceivable face they could. Soon, though, they realized that their efforts weren�t enough. �I met an anthropologist, Wade Seaford, and told him what I was doing, and he said, �Do you have this muscular movement?� And it wasn�t in Ekman�s system because he had never seen it before. �I had built a system based not on what the face can do, but on what I had seen. I was devastated. I realized that I had to learn the anatomy�.
The two then combed trough medical textbooks that outlined each of the facial muscles, and identified every distinct muscular movement that the face could make. There were 43 such movements. Ekman and Friesen called them �action units�. Then they sat across from each other again and began manipulating each action unit in turn, first locating the muscle in their mind and then concentrating on isolating it, watching each other closely as they did, checking their movements in a mirror and videotaping the movements for their records.
When each of those action units had been mastered, Ekman and Friesen began working action units in combination. The entire process took seven years. �There are 300 combinations of two muscles�, Ekman says. �If you add in a third muscle, you get over 4000. we took it up to five muscled, which is over 10,000 visible facial configurations�. Most of those 10,000 facial expressions don�t mean anything, of course. They are the kind of nonsense faces that children make. But, by working through each action � unit combination, Ekman and Friesen identified about 3000 that did seem to mean something, until they had catalogued the essential repertoire of human emotion.
*a scientific list

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Malcolm Gladwell laporan pada seni atau itu ilmu pengetahuan? wajah membacaKita semua membaca wajah. Ketika seseorang mengatakan, aku mencintaimu, kami melihat bahwa orang s mata untuk menilai ketulusan nya. Saat kita bertemu seseorang yang baru, kita sering pickup pada sinyal halus, sehingga, meskipun ia mungkin telah berbicara secara normal dan ramah, setelah itu, kita berkata, aku don t pikir dia menyukai saya atau saya don t pikir dia s sangat bahagia. Kita dengan mudah membedakan kompleks perbedaan dalam ekspresi wajah.Wajah adalah instrumen sangat efisien komunikasi bahwa harus ada aturan yang mengatur cara kita menafsirkan ekspresi wajah. Tapi apa aturan-aturan? Dan mereka yang sama untuk semua orang? Pada 1960-an, seorang psikolog muda bernama Paul Ekman mulai belajar ekspresi wajah, dan ia menemukan bahwa tidak ada yang tahu jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan. Ekman pergi untuk melihat seorang antropolog disebut Margaret Mead dan menyarankan padanya bahwa ia berkeliling dunia untuk mencari tahu apakah orang-orang dari budaya yang berbeda menyepakati arti dari ekspresi wajah yang berbeda. Mead adalah tidak terkesan. Seperti kebanyakan ilmuwan sosial hari-nya, dia percaya bahwa ekspresi budaya bertekad bahwa kita hanya digunakan wajah kita menurut satu set belajar sosial Konvensi.If the face was part of a physiological system, he reasoned, the system could be learned. He set put to teach himself and was introduced to the face reading business by a man named Silvan Tomkins, possibly the best face reader of all time. Ekman�s most memorable encounter with Tomkins took place in the late 1960s. Ekman had just tracked down 30,000 metres of film that had been shot by the virologist Carleton Gajdusek in the remote jungles of Papua New Guinea. Some of the footage was of a tribe called the South Fore, who were peaceful and friendly people. The rest was of the Kukukuku, who were hostile and murderous. Ekman was still working on the problem of whether human facial expressions were universal, and the Gajdusek film was invaluable. For six months, Ekman and his collaborator, Wallace Friesen, sorted through the footage. They cut extraneous scenes, focusing just on close � ups of the faces of the tribesmen, and when the cuts were finished, Ekman called in Tomkins.The two men, prote�ge� and mentor, sat at the back of the room, as faces flickered across the screen. Ekman has told Tomkins nothing about the tribes involved. At the end, Tomkins went up to the screen and pointed to the faces of the South Fore. �These are a sweet gentle people, very indulgent, very peaceful�, he said. Then he pointed to the faces of the Kukukuku. �This other group is violent, and there is lots of evidence to suggest murder�. Even today, a third of a century later, Ekman cannot get over what Tomkins did. Ekman recalls, �He went up to the screen and, while we played the film backward in slow motion, he pointed out the particular bulges and wrinkles in the face that he was using to make his judgement. �That�s when I realised�, Ekman says, �that I had to unpack the face�.Ekman and Friesen decided that they needed o create a taxonomy* of facial expressions, so day after day, they sat across from each other and began to make every conceivable face they could. Soon, though, they realized that their efforts weren�t enough. �I met an anthropologist, Wade Seaford, and told him what I was doing, and he said, �Do you have this muscular movement?� And it wasn�t in Ekman�s system because he had never seen it before. �I had built a system based not on what the face can do, but on what I had seen. I was devastated. I realized that I had to learn the anatomy�.The two then combed trough medical textbooks that outlined each of the facial muscles, and identified every distinct muscular movement that the face could make. There were 43 such movements. Ekman and Friesen called them �action units�. Then they sat across from each other again and began manipulating each action unit in turn, first locating the muscle in their mind and then concentrating on isolating it, watching each other closely as they did, checking their movements in a mirror and videotaping the movements for their records.When each of those action units had been mastered, Ekman and Friesen began working action units in combination. The entire process took seven years. �There are 300 combinations of two muscles�, Ekman says. �If you add in a third muscle, you get over 4000. we took it up to five muscled, which is over 10,000 visible facial configurations�. Most of those 10,000 facial expressions don�t mean anything, of course. They are the kind of nonsense faces that children make. But, by working through each action � unit combination, Ekman and Friesen identified about 3000 that did seem to mean something, until they had catalogued the essential repertoire of human emotion.*a scientific list

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Malcolm Gladwell melaporkan seni atau itu ilmu? dari wajah membaca
Semua dari kita membaca wajah. Ketika seseorang mengatakan, aku mencintaimu, kita melihat ke dalam mata orang-orang untuk menilai nya ketulusan. Ketika kita bertemu orang baru, kita sering penarik pada sinyal halus, sehingga, meskipun ia mungkin telah berbicara secara normal dan ramah, setelah itu, kita katakan, saya tidak berpikir dia menyukai saya atau saya don t berpikir dia sedang sangat bahagia. Kami dengan mudah membedakan perbedaan kompleks dalam ekspresi wajah.
Wajah adalah sebuah alat yang luar biasa efisien komunikasi yang harus ada aturan yang mengatur cara kita menafsirkan ekspresi wajah. Tapi apa yang mereka aturan? Dan mereka sama untuk semua orang? Pada tahun 1960, seorang psikolog muda bernama Paul Ekman mulai mempelajari ekspresi wajah, dan dia menemukan bahwa tidak ada yang tahu jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan. Ekman pergi untuk melihat seorang antropolog disebut Margaret Mead dan menyarankan kepadanya bahwa ia melakukan perjalanan di seluruh dunia untuk mengetahui apakah orang-orang dari budaya yang berbeda menyepakati arti ekspresi wajah yang berbeda. Mead tidak terkesan. Seperti ilmuwan sosial sebagian besar hari, dia percaya bahwa ekspresi itu budaya ditentukan bahwa kita hanya menggunakan wajah kami sesuai dengan seperangkat konvensi sosial belajar.
Jika wajah adalah bagian dari sistem fisiologis, ia beralasan, sistem bisa dipelajari. Dia mengatur dihukum mengajar dirinya dan diperkenalkan ke bisnis wajah membaca oleh seorang pria bernama Silvan Tomkins, mungkin yang terbaik wajah pembaca sepanjang masa. Ekmans pertemuan paling mengesankan dengan Tomkins berlangsung di akhir 1960-an. Ekman hanya melacak 30.000 meter dari film yang telah ditembak oleh ahli virus Carleton Gajdusek di hutan terpencil di Papua New Guinea. Beberapa rekaman itu dari suku yang disebut South Fore, yang adalah orang-orang yang damai dan ramah. Sisanya adalah dari Kukukuku, yang memusuhi dan membunuh. Ekman masih bekerja pada masalah apakah ekspresi wajah manusia yang universal, dan film Gajdusek sangat berharga. Selama enam bulan, Ekman dan kolaborator, Wallace Friesen, diurutkan melalui rekaman. Mereka memotong adegan asing, fokus hanya pada close up wajah suku, dan ketika pemotongan selesai, Ekman disebut di Tomkins.
Kedua orang, anak didik dan mentor, duduk di belakang ruangan, seperti wajah berkedip-kedip di layar. Ekman telah mengatakan kepada Tomkins apa-apa tentang suku-suku yang terlibat. Pada akhirnya, Tomkins pergi ke layar dan menunjuk ke wajah para Fore Selatan. Ini adalah orang-orang yang lembut manis, sangat memanjakan, sangat damai, katanya. Kemudian ia menunjuk ke wajah para Kukukuku. Kelompok lain ini adalah kekerasan, dan ada banyak bukti yang menunjukkan pembunuhan. Bahkan saat ini, sepertiga abad kemudian, Ekman tidak bisa mendapatkan lebih dari apa yang Tomkins lakukan. Ekman ingat, Dia pergi ke layar dan, sementara kami bermain film mundur dalam gerakan lambat, dia menunjukkan tonjolan tertentu dan keriput di wajah yang ia gunakan untuk membuat penilaiannya. Thats ketika saya menyadari, Ekman mengatakan, bahwa saya harus membongkar wajah.
Ekman dan Friesen memutuskan bahwa mereka membutuhkan o membuat taksonomi * dari ekspresi wajah, sehingga hari demi hari, mereka duduk di seberang dari satu sama lain dan mulai membuat setiap wajah dibayangkan mereka bisa. Segera, meskipun, mereka menyadari bahwa usaha mereka werent cukup. Saya bertemu seorang antropolog, Wade Seaford, dan mengatakan kepadanya apa yang saya lakukan, dan dia berkata, Apakah Anda memiliki gerakan otot ini? Dan bukankah dalam sistem Ekmans karena dia belum pernah melihat itu sebelumnya. Saya telah membangun sebuah sistem berbasis bukan pada apa wajah bisa dilakukan, tetapi apa yang telah saya lihat. Saya sangat terpukul. Saya menyadari bahwa saya harus belajar anatomi.
Kedua kemudian menyisir buku teks kedokteran palung yang diuraikan masing-masing otot-otot wajah, dan mengidentifikasi setiap gerakan otot yang berbeda yang wajah bisa membuat. Ada 43 gerakan tersebut. Ekman dan Friesen memanggil mereka unit tindakan. Lalu mereka duduk di seberang dari satu sama lain lagi dan mulai memanipulasi setiap unit tindakan pada gilirannya, pertama menemukan otot dalam pikiran mereka dan kemudian berkonsentrasi pada mengisolasi, mengawasi dengan cermat satu sama lain seperti yang mereka lakukan, memeriksa gerakan mereka di cermin dan rekaman video gerakan untuk catatan mereka.
Ketika masing-masing unit tindakan telah dikuasai, Ekman dan Friesen mulai bekerja unit tindakan dalam kombinasi. Seluruh proses waktu tujuh tahun. Ada 300 kombinasi dari dua otot, Ekman kata. Jika Anda menambahkan dalam otot ketiga, Anda mendapatkan lebih dari 4000. kami membawanya hingga lima berotot, yang merupakan lebih dari 10.000 konfigurasi wajah terlihat. Kebanyakan dari mereka 10.000 ekspresi wajah jangan berarti apa-apa, tentu saja. Mereka adalah jenis omong kosong menghadapi anak-anak membuat. Tapi, dengan bekerja melalui setiap kombinasi unit aksi, Ekman dan Friesen mengidentifikasi sekitar 3000 yang tampak berarti sesuatu, sampai mereka katalog repertoar penting dari emosi manusia.
* Daftar ilmiah