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One major question that PAT researchers seek to answer is why managers make accounting choices as they do. According to intentionalism, the explanation must be couched in terms of the mental processes of the agent (i.e., the manager, Fay, 1996). The explanation must be couched in terms of beliefs and reasons that weighed in the mind of the manager at the time of making accounting choices. The validity of explanation does not depend on the regularity of the particular accounting choice behavior in the same situations by the agent himself or herself and others (Lessnoff, 1974). This is because the human being does not always resort to the same action in the same situation. Two persons can take two different actions in the same situation and the same action in different situations.The methodological position of PAT researchers is similar to the behaviorist position. The idea is that mental processes can be defined in terms of observable behavior. This methodological position underlies earnings management research. For example, when empirical research finds that managers tend to shift income from future periods to the current period when the conditions in the debt covenant reach their limit, the assumption is that the tightness of the conditions caused the current period incomeincreasing accounting choices (Duke & Hunt 1990; Press & Weintrop, 1990). Watts and Zimmerman (1986) emphasize large sample and statistical methods.
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