In “A Series of Normal Stages in the Development of the Chick Embryo”  terjemahan - In “A Series of Normal Stages in the Development of the Chick Embryo”  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

In “A Series of Normal Stages in th

In “A Series of Normal Stages in the Development of
the Chick Embryo” (1951), Hamburger and Hamilton
developed and defined specific stages of morphogenetic
progression from the first cleavage divisions through
hatching. The classical Hamburger and Hamilton
(HH) Staging Table is widely used in classifying development of the chick embryo into 45 stages (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1992). In their scheme, Hamburger
and Hamilton used different prominent morphological
changes and developmental features to classify different phases of development. The initial stages (1 to 6)
are characterized by the development of the primitive
streak. The middle stages (7 to 14) are defined primarily by the number of somites and related features. The
late developmental stages (15 to 45) are identified by
several typical morphological features and grouped by
a series of standard measurable features. The morphological changes of limbs and visceral arches are used to
determine stages 18 to 40. However, toward the end of
development, the chick does not undergo further morphological changes and only increases in size; therefore, these late stages require identification by objective
measurements (such as the length of beak and third
toe).
Eyal-Giladi and Kochav (1976) provided the first
stage-by-stage procedure to describe the morphogenetic
development of the early chicken embryo during preoviposition. In the Eyal-Giladi and Kochav 14-stage procedure (Eyal-Giladi and Kochav, 1976), a stage I embryo
is a blastodisc with less than 5 or so cleavage divisions
and a stage XIV embryo has a completed hypoblast
that is generally equivalent to stage 1 in the HH Staging Table. Thus, combining these 2 staging schemes
gives a complete and comprehensive staging reference
throughout chick development.
Although we recognize that the temporal rate of development differs among different species, strains, and
even individuals, the external features of any embryo
within any given stage will be almost identical (Sellier
et al., 2006). With the detailed descriptions of a normal
table as a reference, it is possible to identify the actual
stage at which prenatal activation of functional systems
occurs and the proper time of embryonic response. This
knowledge can be applied not only to scientific research
but also in the poultry industry for evaluating the effect of preincubation handling on embryo development;
estimation of embryonic mortality at different stages
when performing fresh egg and candling breakouts; defining normal and abnormal embryo development; and
evaluating the impact of other factors (hen age, strain,
and shell quality) on fertility and hatchability. These
reference tables ensure that accurate, consistent, and
repeatable data are obtained among laboratories and
represent a standard for industry quality assessment.
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In “A Series of Normal Stages in the Development of the Chick Embryo” (1951), Hamburger and Hamilton developed and defined specific stages of morphogenetic progression from the first cleavage divisions through hatching. The classical Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) Staging Table is widely used in classifying development of the chick embryo into 45 stages (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1992). In their scheme, Hamburger and Hamilton used different prominent morphological changes and developmental features to classify different phases of development. The initial stages (1 to 6) are characterized by the development of the primitive streak. The middle stages (7 to 14) are defined primarily by the number of somites and related features. The late developmental stages (15 to 45) are identified by several typical morphological features and grouped by a series of standard measurable features. The morphological changes of limbs and visceral arches are used to determine stages 18 to 40. However, toward the end of development, the chick does not undergo further morphological changes and only increases in size; therefore, these late stages require identification by objective measurements (such as the length of beak and third toe).Eyal-Giladi and Kochav (1976) provided the first stage-by-stage procedure to describe the morphogenetic development of the early chicken embryo during preoviposition. In the Eyal-Giladi and Kochav 14-stage procedure (Eyal-Giladi and Kochav, 1976), a stage I embryo is a blastodisc with less than 5 or so cleavage divisions and a stage XIV embryo has a completed hypoblast that is generally equivalent to stage 1 in the HH Staging Table. Thus, combining these 2 staging schemes gives a complete and comprehensive staging reference throughout chick development.Although we recognize that the temporal rate of development differs among different species, strains, and even individuals, the external features of any embryo within any given stage will be almost identical (Sellier et al., 2006). With the detailed descriptions of a normal table as a reference, it is possible to identify the actual stage at which prenatal activation of functional systems occurs and the proper time of embryonic response. This knowledge can be applied not only to scientific research but also in the poultry industry for evaluating the effect of preincubation handling on embryo development; estimation of embryonic mortality at different stages when performing fresh egg and candling breakouts; defining normal and abnormal embryo development; and evaluating the impact of other factors (hen age, strain, and shell quality) on fertility and hatchability. These reference tables ensure that accurate, consistent, and repeatable data are obtained among laboratories and represent a standard for industry quality assessment.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Dalam "A Series of Tahapan normal dalam Pengembangan
Embrio Tercipta" (1951), Hamburger dan Hamilton
dikembangkan dan didefinisikan tahap spesifik morphogenetic
perkembangan dari divisi pembelahan pertama melalui
menetas. Klasik Hamburger dan Hamilton
(HH) Staging Tabel banyak digunakan dalam mengklasifikasikan perkembangan embrio ayam dalam 45 tahap (Hamburger dan Hamilton, 1992). Dalam skema mereka, Hamburger
dan Hamilton digunakan morfologi yang berbeda menonjol
perubahan dan fitur perkembangan untuk mengklasifikasikan fase perkembangan yang berbeda. Tahap awal (1-6)
yang ditandai dengan perkembangan primitif
beruntun. Tahap tengah (7-14) didefinisikan terutama oleh jumlah somit dan fitur terkait. The
akhir tahap perkembangan (15-45) yang diidentifikasi oleh
beberapa fitur morfologi yang khas dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan
serangkaian fitur terukur standar. Perubahan morfologi anggota badan dan lengkungan visceral digunakan untuk
menentukan tahap 18 sampai 40. Namun, menjelang akhir
pembangunan, ayam tidak mengalami perubahan morfologi lebih lanjut dan hanya meningkatkan ukuran; Oleh karena itu, ini tahap akhir memerlukan identifikasi oleh tujuan
pengukuran (seperti panjang paruh dan ketiga
jari kaki).
Eyal-Giladi dan Kochav (1976) tersedia pertama
tahap-demi-tahap prosedur untuk menggambarkan morphogenetic
perkembangan embrio ayam awal selama preoviposition. Dalam prosedur 14-tahap Eyal-Giladi dan Kochav (Eyal-Giladi dan Kochav, 1976), tahap I embrio
adalah blastodisc dengan kurang dari 5 atau lebih divisi belahan dada
dan embrio tahap XIV memiliki hypoblast selesai
yang umumnya setara dengan Tahap 1 di HH Staging Tabel. Dengan demikian, menggabungkan 2 skema pementasan ini
memberikan referensi pementasan lengkap dan komprehensif
di seluruh pengembangan cewek.
Meskipun kita mengakui bahwa tingkat temporal pengembangan berbeda antara yang berbeda spesies, strain, dan
bahkan individu, fitur eksternal dari embrio setiap
dalam setiap tahap tertentu akan hampir identik (Sellier
et al., 2006). Dengan deskripsi rinci dari normal
meja sebagai referensi, adalah mungkin untuk mengidentifikasi sebenarnya
tahap di mana aktivasi prenatal sistem fungsional
terjadi dan waktu yang tepat dari respon embrio. Ini
pengetahuan dapat diterapkan tidak hanya untuk penelitian ilmiah
tetapi juga dalam industri perunggasan untuk mengevaluasi dampak dari preincubation penanganan pada perkembangan embrio;
estimasi kematian embrio pada tahap yang berbeda
saat melakukan telur dan candling segar jerawat; mendefinisikan perkembangan embrio normal dan abnormal; dan
mengevaluasi dampak dari faktor-faktor lain (usia hen, saring,
dan kualitas shell) pada kesuburan dan daya tetas. Ini
tabel referensi memastikan bahwa akurat, konsisten, dan
data yang berulang diperoleh antara laboratorium dan
merupakan standar untuk penilaian kualitas industri.
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