Weather is widely believed to influ

Weather is widely believed to influence people’s mood. For
example, the majority of people think they feel happier on days
with a lot of sunshine as compared to dark and rainy days.
Although this association seems to be common sense (Watson,
2000), it is striking to see that the number of studies on the
association between daily weather and mood is relatively small
(Keller et al., 2005). In studying such an association, seasonal
influences of weather must be distinguished from day-to-day influences.
This distinction becomes clearest when studying the
effect of the amount of sunlight (i.e., hours per day were a shadow
can be detected) on mood: This variable both fluctuates between
days within a single season (e.g., a sunny vs. a cloudy summer
day), but also between seasons (in the northern hemisphere, photoperiods
are longest during summer and shortest during winter,
leading to more hours/day for potential unobstructed sunlight
accumulation in summer than in winter). This distinction is important
since mood reactions to day-to-day weather fluctuations
may not generalize to reactions to seasonal weather fluctuations,
and vice versa. In studying the effects of weather on mood, several
studies have focused exclusively on individuals with seasonal
affective disorder (SAD), a condition that involves recurrent fall/
winter major depressive episodes that remit in the spring (e.g.,
Molin, Mellerup, Bolwig, Scheike, & Dam, 1996; Oren et al.,
1994; Young, Meaden, Fogg, Cherin, & Eastman, 1997). Such a
clinical condition may be an extreme manifestation of normal
variations in seasonality (defined as an individual’s degree of
seasonal variation in mood, energy level, sleep length, weight,
appetite, and social activities; Kasper, Wehr, Bartko, Garst, &
Rosenthal, 1989).
Previous studies on weather and its relation with psychological
constructs took only one or two weather parameters into account (e.g.,
Bushman, Wang, & Anderson, 2005; Keller et al., 2005). However,
it is important to examine a wide variety of weather parameters, to
be able to differentiate the effect of each parameter. For example,
temperature is often associated with sunlight. After controlling for
the parameter sunlight, the unique effect of temperature on mood
might decrease or even reverse in sign. The present study includes
a broad range of weather parameters simultaneously to study the
effects of daily weather changes. Specifically, we studied the
effect of temperature, wind power, sunlight, precipitation, air pressure,
and photoperiod on mood. Multivariate and univariate analyses
enable a distinction between unique and shared effects of
these parameters.
Mood has often been conceptualized within a circumplex structure
of affect (Feldman Barrett, 1995). In this structure, the dimensions
of valence (unpleasantness vs. pleasantness) and arousal (low
vs. high) can be distinguished. In studying people’s mood, the
PANAS mood scale (Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988) is frequently
used, which provides a clear and reliable measurement of
positive and negative affect. However, the PANAS general dimension
scales combine the dimension of valence with a high arousal
focus. To consider the low end of the arousal dimension, this study
also focused on tiredness as a dependent variable.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Cuaca secara luas diyakini dapat mempengaruhi suasana hati rakyat. Untukcontoh, sebagian besar orang berpikir mereka merasa lebih bahagia haridengan banyak sinar matahari dibandingkan dengan gelap dan hujan.Meskipun Asosiasi ini tampaknya menjadi akal sehat (Watson,2000), itu mengejutkan untuk melihat bahwa jumlah studiAsosiasi antara cuaca sehari-hari dan suasana relatif kecil(Keller et al, 2005). Dalam mempelajari seperti Asosiasi, musimanpengaruh cuaca harus dibedakan dari pengaruh-pengaruh sehari-hari.Perbedaan ini menjadi jelas ketika belajarefek dari jumlah sinar matahari (yaitu, jam per hari adalah bayangandapat dideteksi) suasana hati: variabel ini kedua berfluktuasi antarahari dalam satu musim (misalnya, cerah vs musim panas berawanhari), tetapi juga antara musim (di belahan utara, photoperiodsterpanjang selama musim panas dan terpendek selama musim dingin,mengarah ke lebih jam hari untuk potensi sinar matahari terhalangakumulasi di musim panas daripada di musim dingin). Pembedaan ini pentingsejak suasana hati reaksi terhadap fluktuasi cuaca sehari-harimungkin tidak menggeneralisasi untuk reaksi terhadap fluktuasi musiman cuaca,dan sebaliknya. Dalam mempelajari efek cuaca pada suasana hati, beberapaStudi telah berfokus pada individu dengan musimanAffective disorder (SAD), suatu kondisi yang melibatkan berulang jatuh /episode depresi besar musim dingin yang mengirimkan di musim semi (misalnya,Molin, Mellerup, Bolwig, Scheike, & Dam, 1996; Oren et al.,1994; Young, Meaden, Fogg, Cherin, & Eastman, 1997). Such aclinical condition may be an extreme manifestation of normalvariations in seasonality (defined as an individual’s degree ofseasonal variation in mood, energy level, sleep length, weight,appetite, and social activities; Kasper, Wehr, Bartko, Garst, &Rosenthal, 1989).Previous studies on weather and its relation with psychologicalconstructs took only one or two weather parameters into account (e.g.,Bushman, Wang, & Anderson, 2005; Keller et al., 2005). However,it is important to examine a wide variety of weather parameters, tobe able to differentiate the effect of each parameter. For example,temperature is often associated with sunlight. After controlling forthe parameter sunlight, the unique effect of temperature on moodmight decrease or even reverse in sign. The present study includesa broad range of weather parameters simultaneously to study theeffects of daily weather changes. Specifically, we studied theeffect of temperature, wind power, sunlight, precipitation, air pressure,and photoperiod on mood. Multivariate and univariate analysesenable a distinction between unique and shared effects ofthese parameters.Mood has often been conceptualized within a circumplex structureof affect (Feldman Barrett, 1995). In this structure, the dimensionsof valence (unpleasantness vs. pleasantness) and arousal (lowvs. high) can be distinguished. In studying people’s mood, thePANAS mood scale (Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988) is frequentlyused, which provides a clear and reliable measurement ofpositive and negative affect. However, the PANAS general dimensionscales combine the dimension of valence with a high arousalfocus. To consider the low end of the arousal dimension, this studyalso focused on tiredness as a dependent variable.