Materials and methodsLocalities and

Materials and methods

Localities and sampling

In total, 40 peatland localities were sampled during June and July 2011 (Supplementary Table 1). The site selection was aimed to include a range of different peatland habitats in temperate Europe. The study sites were positioned in four regions: Krusne Hory Mts., Northwest Bohemia, Czech Republic; Dokesko district, Northeast Bohemia, Czech Republic; West Pomerania, Poland; and Bornholm Island, Denmark. The pH ranged from 3.3 to 7.3, and the localities ranged from typical ombrotrophic raised bogs to minerotrophic fens fed by ground and surface waters. The position of the localities on the ombrotrophic to minerotrophic gradient was estimated using a three-level scale, based on a visual inspection of their hydrography and physiognomy. The samples taken in typical ombrotrophic raised bogs (characterized by a central cupola elevated above the bog margins) that are fed mostly by the rainwater were assigned with the lowest score. Conversely, the apparent minerotrophic localities positioned at the peaty margins of lakes or in the alluvium of streams that are mostly fed by the ground or surface waters were assigned with the highest score. The intermediate localities, such as mountainous bogs with an active peat cupolla and substantial precipitation located on slopes, which increase the relative amount of surface water influx, were assigned with 2. Thus, each locality was assigned a score ranging from 1, for purely ombrotrophic bogs, to 3, for typical minerotrophic fens. In each locality, approximately 10 x 10 cm of the epipelon was sampled from the uppermost 5 mm layer using a 100 mL plastic syringe. The pH and conductivity values were measured in the field using a combined pH/conductometer (WTW 340i, WTW GmbH, Weilheim, Germany). Total nitrogen concentrations were measured using the chemiluminiscent nitrogen dioxide (N[O.sub.2]) assessment method, which involves the high-temperature catalytic conversion of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate to nitrogen dioxide. Total phosphorus concentrations were evaluated by acid persulfate digestion. Organic and condensed inorganic forms of phosphates were converted to orthophosphates by heating with acid and persulfate. Ca and Fe concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The phytobenthos samples were fixed in the field using Lugol's solution (3-4% final concentration). Two hundred desmid cells were identified in each sample during systematic inspections of the Lugol's solution-fixed samples at 400 x magnification using an Olympus BX51 light microscope equipped with a Z5060 digital microphotography equipment. Two hundred diatom cells were also identified in each sample using Naphrax (Brunel Microscopes Ltd, Wiltshire, UK) mounted permanent diatom slides at 1,000 x magnification.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Bahan dan metodePemukiman dan samplingIn total, 40 peatland localities were sampled during June and July 2011 (Supplementary Table 1). The site selection was aimed to include a range of different peatland habitats in temperate Europe. The study sites were positioned in four regions: Krusne Hory Mts., Northwest Bohemia, Czech Republic; Dokesko district, Northeast Bohemia, Czech Republic; West Pomerania, Poland; and Bornholm Island, Denmark. The pH ranged from 3.3 to 7.3, and the localities ranged from typical ombrotrophic raised bogs to minerotrophic fens fed by ground and surface waters. The position of the localities on the ombrotrophic to minerotrophic gradient was estimated using a three-level scale, based on a visual inspection of their hydrography and physiognomy. The samples taken in typical ombrotrophic raised bogs (characterized by a central cupola elevated above the bog margins) that are fed mostly by the rainwater were assigned with the lowest score. Conversely, the apparent minerotrophic localities positioned at the peaty margins of lakes or in the alluvium of streams that are mostly fed by the ground or surface waters were assigned with the highest score. The intermediate localities, such as mountainous bogs with an active peat cupolla and substantial precipitation located on slopes, which increase the relative amount of surface water influx, were assigned with 2. Thus, each locality was assigned a score ranging from 1, for purely ombrotrophic bogs, to 3, for typical minerotrophic fens. In each locality, approximately 10 x 10 cm of the epipelon was sampled from the uppermost 5 mm layer using a 100 mL plastic syringe. The pH and conductivity values were measured in the field using a combined pH/conductometer (WTW 340i, WTW GmbH, Weilheim, Germany). Total nitrogen concentrations were measured using the chemiluminiscent nitrogen dioxide (N[O.sub.2]) assessment method, which involves the high-temperature catalytic conversion of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate to nitrogen dioxide. Total phosphorus concentrations were evaluated by acid persulfate digestion. Organic and condensed inorganic forms of phosphates were converted to orthophosphates by heating with acid and persulfate. Ca and Fe concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The phytobenthos samples were fixed in the field using Lugol's solution (3-4% final concentration). Two hundred desmid cells were identified in each sample during systematic inspections of the Lugol's solution-fixed samples at 400 x magnification using an Olympus BX51 light microscope equipped with a Z5060 digital microphotography equipment. Two hundred diatom cells were also identified in each sample using Naphrax (Brunel Microscopes Ltd, Wiltshire, UK) mounted permanent diatom slides at 1,000 x magnification.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Bahan dan metode

Lokalitas dan pengambilan sampel

Secara total, 40 daerah lahan gambut yang sampel selama Juni dan Juli 2011 (Tambahan Tabel 1). Pemilihan lokasi bertujuan untuk mencakup berbagai habitat lahan gambut yang berbeda di beriklim Eropa. Lokasi penelitian diposisikan di empat wilayah:. Krusne Hory Mts, Northwest Bohemia, Republik Ceko; Kabupaten Dokesko, Northeast Bohemia, Republik Ceko; West Pomerania, Polandia; dan Bornholm Island, Denmark. PH berkisar 3,3-7,3, dan daerah berkisar dari khas rawa mengangkat ombrotrophic ke Fen minerotrophic makan oleh tanah dan air permukaan. Posisi daerah di ombrotrophic untuk gradien minerotrophic diperkirakan menggunakan skala tiga tingkat, berdasarkan inspeksi visual dari hidrografi dan fisiognomi mereka. Sampel yang diambil di ombrotrophic khas mengangkat rawa (ditandai dengan kubah pusat ditinggikan di atas margin rawa) yang makan sebagian besar oleh air hujan ditugaskan dengan skor terendah. Sebaliknya, daerah minerotrophic jelas diposisikan pada margin bergambut danau atau di alluvium sungai yang sebagian besar makan oleh tanah atau permukaan air ditugaskan dengan skor tertinggi. Lokalitas menengah, seperti rawa pegunungan dengan cupolla gambut aktif dan curah hujan yang cukup besar yang terletak di lereng, yang meningkatkan jumlah relatif masuknya air permukaan, ditugaskan dengan 2. Dengan demikian, setiap wilayah ditugaskan skor mulai dari 1, untuk murni ombrotrophic rawa, untuk 3, untuk Fen minerotrophic khas. Dalam setiap wilayah, sekitar 10 x 10 cm dari epipelon itu sampel dari lapisan 5 mm paling atas menggunakan 100 mL jarum suntik plastik. PH dan konduktivitas nilai-nilai diukur di lapangan menggunakan gabungan pH / konduktometer (WTW 340i, WTW GmbH, Weilheim, Jerman). Konsentrasi total nitrogen diukur menggunakan chemiluminiscent nitrogen dioksida (N [O2]) metode penilaian, yang melibatkan suhu tinggi konversi katalitik dari amonium, nitrit, dan nitrat menjadi nitrogen dioksida. Total konsentrasi fosfor dievaluasi oleh persulfat pencernaan asam. Bentuk anorganik organik dan kental fosfat dikonversi menjadi ortofosfat dengan pemanasan dengan asam dan persulfat. Ca dan Fe konsentrasi ditentukan dengan menggunakan induktif ditambah plasma spektroskopi emisi atom (ICP-AES). Sampel phytobenthos yang tetap di lapangan menggunakan larutan Lugol (3-4% konsentrasi akhir). Dua ratus sel desmid diidentifikasi dalam setiap sampel selama inspeksi sistematis solusi-tetap Lugol sampel pada 400 x perbesaran menggunakan mikroskop cahaya Olympus BX51 dilengkapi dengan Z5060 peralatan microphotography digital. Dua ratus sel diatom juga diidentifikasi dalam setiap sampel menggunakan Naphrax (Brunel Mikroskop Ltd, Wiltshire, UK) dipasang slide diatom permanen di 1.000 x pembesaran.