he fossilized skullcap was discover

he fossilized skullcap was discovered in February 1936 by Andojo – sometimes referred to as Tjokrohandojo or Andoyo – an Indonesian who worked at excavating animal fossils in the Kendeng Hills (Pegunungan Kendeng) in East Java on a team led by Ralph von Koenigswald.[2] Andojo originally believed the skull belonged to an orangutan, but von Koenigswald immediately recognized it as human.[3] He named it Pithecanthropus modjokertensis after the nearby town of Mojokerto, which was then spelled "Modjokerto".[4] Eugène Dubois, who had discovered Java Man in the 1890s and named it Pithecanthropus erectus, wrote to von Koenigswald arguing that if the Mojokerto fossil were indeed human, then it could not be a Pithecanthropus (lit., an "ape-man"). Von Koenigswald thus renamed his fossil Homo modjokertensis.[5] It was eventually classified as Homo erectus just like "Java Man" and the numerous early human fossils that von Koenigswald and others found in Sangiran. In Indonesia, the fossil is known as Pithecanthropus modjokertensis.[6]

The fossil's two catalog names "Mojokerto 1" and "Perning 1" come from the town of Mojokerto, which is about 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest of the site, and from the little village of Perning, which is 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Mojokerto and 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) south of the site.[7]

Controversial date[edit]
For decades, the Mojokerto child, whose gender is unknown, was considered non-datable, because the exact site where it was found could not be clearly determined.[8] By 1985, four different locations had been proposed as the possible site of discovery.[1] It was also unclear whether the fossil had been excavated or found on the surface, making dating difficult even if the site itself became certain.[1]

In the early 1990s, geochronologist Garniss Curtis and paleontologist Carl C. Swisher III used the argon–argon dating method to propose a date of 1.81 ± 0.04 Ma for the fossil, that is, 1.81 million years with a margin of error of plus or minus 40,000 years.[9] Their rock sample – "hornblende grains from volcanic pumice that appeared to match the filling of the skull" – came from a site shown to them in 1990 by Teuku Jacob, an Indonesian paleoanthropologist who had studied under Ralph von Koenigswald.[10] Swisher and Curtis announced their findings in a paper that was published in Science magazine in 1994.[9]

The fossil's unexpectedly old age was announced in at least 221 newspapers – including on the front page of The New York Times – and prompted cover stories in Discover, New Scientist, and Time magazines.[11] Swisher and Curtis's conclusion was hotly debated, because it meant that the Mojokerto child was as old as the oldest known specimens of African Homo ergaster (also called Homo erectus sensu lato), suggesting that Homo erectus could have left Africa much earlier than thought, or even evolved in Southeast Asia rather than Africa as most scientists had assumed.[12] Few critics questioned the dating method, but several objected that, considering the uncertainty surrounding the fossil's discovery site, it was unclear whether the rock samples used for dating had been taken from the right location.[13]

In 2003, a paper published by a team led by archeologist Mike Morwood presented 1.49 ± 0.13 Ma as the latest possible date, based on "fission-track dating of single zircon grains".[1] Morwood argued that the rock samples Curtis and Swisher dated came from a pumice bed located 20 metres (66 ft) below the one above which the Mojokerto skullcap was found. The geological horizon immediately under the fossil – Morwood calls it "Pumice Horizon 5" – dates back to 1.49 Ma, whereas the one just above – "Pumice Horizon 6" – dates from 1.43 ± 0.1 Ma.[14] In 2006, Australian archeologist Frank Huffman used pictures and fieldnotes from the 1930s to identify the exact site of the excavation and confirmed that the fossil was indeed found between the two layers that Morwood had dated. Morwood's and Huffman's conclusions have been widely accepted.[15]

References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Ia fosil kopiah ditemukan pada Februari 1936 oleh Andojo – kadang-kadang disebut sebagai Tjokrohandojo atau Andoyo-orang Indonesia yang bekerja di menggali fosil binatang di perbukitan Kendeng (Pegunungan Kendeng) di Jawa Timur pada tim yang dipimpin oleh Ralph von Koenigswald.[2] Andojo awalnya percaya tengkorak milik seekor orangutan, tapi von Koenigswald segera diakui sebagai manusia.[3] Ia menamakannya Pithecanthropus Pithecanthropus setelah kota terdekat Mojokerto, yang kemudian dieja "Modjokerto".[4] Eugène Dubois, yang telah menemukan manusia Jawa pada tahun 1890 dan menamakannya Pithecanthropus erectus, menulis kepada von Koenigswald berdebat bahwa jika fosil Mojokerto memang manusia, maka tidak bisa Pithecanthropus (secara literal, "manusia kera"). Von Koenigswald sehingga namanya Homo Pithecanthropus nya fosil.[5] akhirnya diklasifikasikan sebagai Homo erectus seperti "Manusia Jawa" dan banyak fosil manusia awal bahwa von Koenigswald dan lain-lain yang ditemukan di Sangiran. Di Indonesia, fosil dikenal sebagai Pithecanthropus Pithecanthropus.[6]

's fosil dua Katalog nama "Mojokerto 1" dan "Perning 1" datang dari Kota Mojokerto, yang berjarak sekitar 6 km (9.7 km) barat daya dari situs, dan dari desa kecil Perning, yang merupakan 10 kilometer (6,2 mil) Timur Laut Mojokerto dan 3,5 kilometer (2,2 mil) di selatan situs.[7]

kontroversial tanggal [sunting]
selama beberapa dekade, anak Mojokerto, jenis kelamin yang tidak diketahui, dianggap bebas-datable, karena tepat situs mana ternyata tidak bisa jelas ditentukan.[8] pada tahun 1985, empat lokasi yang berbeda telah diusulkan sebagai situs mungkin penemuan.[1] itu juga tidak jelas apakah fosil telah digali atau ditemukan pada permukaan, membuat kencan sulit bahkan jika situs itu sendiri menjadi tertentu.[1]

pada awal 1990-an, geochronologist Garniss Curtis dan paleontolog Carl C. Swisher III digunakan metode kencan argon-argon untuk mengusulkan tanggal 1.81 ± 0,04 ma untuk fosil, yaitu 1.81 juta tahun dengan margin kesalahan plus atau minus 40.000 tahun.[9] mereka sampel batuan – "hornblende biji-bijian dari apung vulkanik yang muncul untuk mencocokkan mengisi tengkorak" – datang dari sebuah situs yang ditunjukkan kepada mereka pada tahun 1990 oleh Teuku Jacob, paleoanthropologist Indonesia yang belajar di bawah Ralph von Koenigswald.[10] Swisher dan Curtis mengumumkan temuan mereka dalam sebuah makalah yang diterbitkan di Science magazine tahun 1994.[9]

's fosil tiba-tiba usia tua diumumkan di koran setidaknya 221-termasuk di halaman depan dari The New York Times- dan mendorong cerita sampul di majalah Discover, New Scientist, dan waktu.[11] Swisher dan Curtis's kesimpulan hangat diperdebatkan, karena itu berarti bahwa anak Mojokerto adalah setua spesimen dikenal tertua dari Afrika Homo ergaster (juga disebut Homo erectus sensu lato), menunjukkan bahwa Homo erectus bisa meninggalkan Afrika banyak sebelumnya dari berpikir, atau bahkan berkembang di Asia Tenggara daripada Afrika seperti kebanyakan ilmuwan telah diasumsikan.[12] Beberapa kritikus mempertanyakan metode kencan, tetapi beberapa keberatan itu, mengingat ketidakpastian sekitar lokasi penemuan fosil, itu tidak jelas apakah sampel batuan yang digunakan untuk kencan telah diambil dari lokasi yang tepat.[13]

pada tahun 2003, sebuah makalah yang diterbitkan oleh tim yang dipimpin oleh arkeolog Mike Morwood disajikan 1.49 ± 0,13 Ma sebagai tarikh terakhir yang mungkin, didasarkan pada "fisi-lagu kencan biji-bijian Zirkon tunggal".[1] Morwood berpendapat bahwa batu sampel Curtis dan Swisher tanggal berasal dari batu apung tidur terletak 20 meter (66 kaki di bawah satu di atas yang ditemukan kopiah Mojokerto). Cakrawala geologi langsung di bawah fosil-Morwood menyebutnya "Horizon apung 5"-tanggal kembali ke 1.49 Ma, sedangkan yang tepat di atas-"Horizon apung 6"-berasal dari 1.43 ± 0.1 Ma.[14] pada tahun 2006, Australia arkeolog Frank Huffman digunakan gambar dan catatan lapangan dari tahun 1930-an untuk mengidentifikasi situs tepat penggalian dan menegaskan bahwa fosil memang ditemukan antara dua lapisan yang Morwood memiliki tanggal. Morwood's dan Huffman's kesimpulan telah secara luas diterima.[15]

referensi [sunting]

melompat ke: b c d