ConclusionMentoring can be a valuable strategy for the classroom, but  terjemahan - ConclusionMentoring can be a valuable strategy for the classroom, but  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

ConclusionMentoring can be a valuab

Conclusion
Mentoring can be a valuable strategy for the classroom, but it shouldn’t be over-used. Mentors have a big responsibility, and they could experience burnout if over¬burdened. Pairing in mentorship is important and should happen after a teacher has achieved a good understanding of her students and their skills, personalities, strengths, and weaknesses. It is important to be flexible when using mentoring. If a quality mentor is having a bad day and needs a break, a way of providing for that need should be made available.
Student Partnerships
Students selected for partnerships have an equal responsibility to work together, either in a “study-buddy” or task-oriented format. There are a wide variety of advantages to working successfully in partnerships, including speed of completion, more diverse points of view, and greater opportunity to participate. In addition, there are many appropriate tasks for working in student pairs.
Figure 12.3 is a guide to help you make preparations for the student-pairs strat¬egy and consider some of the problems and disadvantages.

Figure 12.3
Student Pairs Planning at a Glance

Making Preparations
• Match pairs according to task.
• Gather appropriate information and materials.
• Provide guidance as needed.

Problems and Disadvantages
• Need for greater classroom management
• Greater responsibility in pairing

Making Preparations
Partnerships are not based on unequal abilities, but rather on selecting pairs to accomplish a task. Student partners may have equal ability, but maybe not in the same areas. If a task requires a variety of skills, pairs may be selected to best meet those demands. The student pairs should be able to form a working relationship; as with mentoring, it is best not to match students with best friends or social enemies.
Partnerships can tackle nearly any classroom task. It is important to provide clear assignments and adequate information of what is expected and when it is due. Lengthy assignments and projects should include a checklist with a timeline showing due dates.

The Key Elements of Classroom Management
Appropriate Topics
Figure 12.4 gives examples of appropriate and inappropriate topics for student pairs.
Figure 12.4
Student Pairs Application Examples
Appropriate Application of
Student Pairs Less-Effective Application of
Student Pairs
Mathematics: Practice math skills. Most activities are appropriate for partnerships.
Communications: Study for a vocabulary test.
Science: Do a science fair project or work as lab partners.
Problems and Disadvantages
When having students work with partners instead of small groups, teachers need to adjust to the increased demands for guidance and assistance. It is essential for teachers to circulate, monitoring for progress and misconduct. On the other hand, because there is less potential for social problems between two students than in a group, there may also be fewer conflicts.
In group work, one student may be responsible for recording, one for leader¬ship, one for material handling, and so forth. In pairing, each partner must take on more responsibility, and the roles are generally less defined because the partners must decide how to complete the whole task. When one slacks off in a group, oth¬ers share the extra burden; if one does not help carry the load in a partnership, the partner has no help.
Conclusion
“With your study buddy, complete the questions on page 10. You will be responsi-ble for dividing the task in a fair manner or jointly doing the entire task. You have two minutes to move to your assigned area. Work will be handed in at the end of the period. If you finish early, begin learning the material.” With instructions as sim¬ple as those, students can be working on an assignment. Of course, it will move a little more smoothly when students have a definite routine with a standard of behav¬ior. Student pairs often fall into a proficient working pattern for completing assign¬ments. When well paired, much can be accomplished in a short amount of time. But

Working in Pairs
when students work together, you’ll find that they may fall back into poor habits if not supervised. Teacher monitoring is important.
Random Pairing
Random pairing is a convenience. It works best when used on a short-term basis because little thought is given to pairing for the needs of the student or the demands of the task. The real advantage of random pairing is that it saves time. Figure 12.5 is a guide to help you make preparations for the student-pairing strat¬egy and consider some of the problems and disadvantages.
Figure 12.5
Random Pairing Planning at a Glance
Making Preparations Problems and Disadvantages
• Determine an appropriate task.
• Decide on an appropriate pairing strategy (student choice, seat
partners, counting off, and so forth).
• Gather necessary materials. • Classroom management issues as random pairing may be harder to control than assigned pairings
• Not effective for difficult or involved tasks as student pairs may not have needed skills and knowledge
Making Preparations
“With your neighbor, discuss this issue and decide what factors made a differ-ence to the conclusion,” says the teacher. This type of quickly formed pairing has a definite place in the classroom. It requires no real preparation; pairs can be created according to student choice, proximity, or count-offs.
The kinds of activity to be done with random pairings are simple ones, such as
• Creating a list of the important factors of a topic.
• Solving a problem using a new formula.
• Finding the answer to a question in the textbook and paraphrasing or summarizing the information.
• Helping each other learn a poem, formula, or how to spell words (i.e., any everyday school task).
• Listing the pros and cons of an issue being studied.
• Sharing what has been learned.

The Key Elements of Classroom Management
The above examples support the teaching, can help with the application of learn-ing, and may require only a few minutes of class time.
Appropriate Topics
Figure 12.6 gives examples of appropriate and inappropriate topics for randomly paired groupings.
Figure 12.6
Random Pairing Application Examples
Appropriate Application of
Random Pairing Less-Effective Application of
Random Pairing
Social Studies: Paraphrase the Preamble of the Constitution. Social Studies: Make project boards (skills and knowledge may be missing from
random pairings).
Communications: Create a plot chart for a short story. Communications: Edit and revise written com-position (level of knowledge for editing and revision may be missing from pairs).
Science: Using magnets and iron filings, discover different patterns that are made by moving the magnets under the paper. Science: Do science fair projects (skills and knowledge may be missing).
Problems and Disadvantages
Whenever students are required to move, as would be necessary for pairing, there will be some confusion. A good procedure is to provide time restrictions. “You have two minutes to quietly gather your materials, move to your new place of work, and begin the task.” Proximity techniques are helpful in getting the students on task. When working with permanent pairings, seating arrangements and procedures can be planned and become routine. When working with random pairs, the very fact that the pairing is random may cause confusion—for example, pairing according to student choice can leave some students without partners, as can pairing according to proximity (if there is no one in the desk beside a student). Random pairings are not efficient for involved, difficult tasks. There are too many opportunities to pair stu-dents who have personality conflicts and who together don’t have the skills neces-sary for the defined task.
Conclusion
“With your neighbor, think, pair, share,” the teacher advises after discussing an issue. “The topic to be considered is recorded on the board. Move your chairs, and

Working in Pairs

decide on a recorder. You’ll have six minutes to complete the task.” Providing qual¬ity directions is one of the best techniques for reducing classroom management problems and for obtaining quality results from the effort. Time constraints are also helpful in increasing the level of student concern.
Summary
When I first allowed students to work in pairs, one of the first questions I heard, amazingly, was, “You don’t call this cheating?” Even students had to get past the belief that providing an opportunity for extra help was the same as cheating. I then had to explain that if they wanted to work in pairs they needed to each carry their share of the load and this is what made it fair. They accepted that explanation and realized that I meant what I said. If at any time I observed one person in a pair not participating, I gave fair warning; if the warning was not heeded, I provided consequences.
Teachers looking for a way to promote cooperation, hasten completion of a task, or provide peer support should consider pairing. One advantage of this strategy is that teachers can use different kinds of pairing at the same time: some students can be paired with mentors, whereas others might be paired with the purpose of sup-plying the skills needed to complete the task. It might even be a good idea for stu-dents to have some input before assigning partners by having them answer two questions: “Who do you know you could work with well—not friends, but good coworkers?” and “Is there anyone you are certain you could not work with? You may list only one.” I’ve always honored the list of peers with whom students said they could not work. It prevented me from making poor selections for my students. With partnerships where it is one-on-one, a cordial relationship is important.
Additional Reading
If you are interested in learning more about students working in pairs, consider reading the following:
Cummings, C. (2000). Winning strategies for classroom management (pp. 48–50).
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Kesimpulan
Mentoring dapat menjadi strategi yang berharga untuk kelas, tapi itu tidak boleh berlebihan digunakan. Mentor memiliki tanggung jawab yang besar, dan mereka dapat mengalami kelelahan jika over¬burdened. Pemasangan di mentoring penting dan harus terjadi setelah seorang guru telah mencapai pemahaman yang baik dari murid-muridnya dan keterampilan mereka, kepribadian, kekuatan, dan kelemahan. Hal ini penting untuk menjadi fleksibel ketika menggunakan pendampingan. Jika kualitas mentor mengalami hari yang buruk dan perlu istirahat, cara yang menyediakan kebutuhan itu harus dibuat tersedia.
mahasiswa kemitraan
siswa yang dipilih untuk kemitraan memiliki tanggung jawab yang sama untuk bekerja sama, baik dalam format berorientasi tugas atau "teman belajar". Ada berbagai macam keuntungan untuk berhasil bekerja di kemitraan, termasuk kecepatan penyelesaian, lebih beragam sudut pandang, dan lebih besar kesempatan untuk berpartisipasi. Selain itu, ada banyak tugas yang sesuai untuk bekerja di mahasiswa pasang.
angka 12.3 adalah panduan untuk membantu Anda membuat persiapan untuk strat¬egy siswa-pasang dan mempertimbangkan beberapa masalah dan kekurangan.

Mencari 12.3
mahasiswa pasangan perencanaan sekilas

membuat persiapan
• pencocokan pasang menurut tugas.
• mengumpulkan informasi yang tepat dan bahan
• memberikan bimbingan yang diperlukan.

Masalah dan kerugian
• kebutuhan untuk lebih kelas manajemen
• tanggung-jawab yang lebih besar dalam berpasangan

membuat persiapan
kemitraan tidak didasarkan pada kemampuan tidak seimbang, melainkan pada memilih pasangan untuk menyelesaikan tugas. Mitra mahasiswa mungkin memiliki kemampuan yang sama, tapi mungkin tidak di daerah yang sama. Jika tugas yang membutuhkan berbagai keterampilan, pasangan dapat memilih untuk benar-benar memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut. Pasang mahasiswa harus mampu membentuk hubungan kerja; seperti dengan pendampingan, yang terbaik tidak untuk mencocokkan siswa dengan teman-teman terbaik atau sosial musuh.
Kemitraan dapat menangani hampir semua tugas kelas. Sangat penting untuk memberikan tugas-tugas yang jelas dan memadai informasi apa yang diharapkan dan ketika ia jatuh tempo. Panjang tugas dan proyek harus mencakup daftar dengan sebuah timeline menampilkan karena tanggal.

The elemen kunci kelas Management
sesuai topik
gambar 12.4 memberi contoh topik yang tepat dan pantas untuk mahasiswa pasang.
mencari 12.4
mahasiswa pasang aplikasi contoh
aplikasi sesuai
mahasiswa pasang kurang efektif penerapan
mahasiswa pasang
matematika: berlatih keterampilan matematika. Sebagian kegiatan sesuai untuk kemitraan.
komunikasi: kajian Kosakata ujian.
Science: Melakukan proyek fair Sains atau bekerja sebagai mitra lab.
Masalah dan kerugian
ketika memiliki siswa bekerja dengan mitra bukan kelompok-kelompok kecil, guru perlu menyesuaikan untuk peningkatan tuntutan untuk bimbingan dan bantuan. Hal ini penting bagi guru untuk beredar, pemantauan untuk kemajuan dan kesalahan. Di sisi lain, karena ada kurang potensi untuk masalah-masalah sosial antara dua siswa daripada dalam kelompok, ada juga mungkin lebih sedikit konflik.
Dalam kelompok kerja, salah satu siswa mungkin bertanggung jawab untuk merekam, satu untuk leader¬ship, satu untuk penanganan material, dan sebagainya. Pada pasangan, setiap pasangan harus mengambil lebih banyak tanggung jawab dan peran yang umumnya kurang didefinisikan karena mitra harus memutuskan bagaimana untuk menyelesaikan tugas seluruh. Ketika salah satu celana dalam kelompok, oth¬ers berbagi beban tambahan; Jika salah satu tidak membantu membawa beban dalam kemitraan, mitra telah ada bantuan.
kesimpulan
"dengan teman studi Anda, menyelesaikan pertanyaan-pertanyaan pada halaman 10. Anda akan bertanggung jawab terhadap tugas-ble untuk membagi tugas secara adil atau bersama-sama melakukan tugas seluruh. Anda memiliki dua menit untuk pindah ke daerah Anda ditugaskan. Pekerjaan akan diserahkan pada akhir periode. Jika Anda menyelesaikan awal, mulai belajar materi."Dengan petunjuk sebagai sim¬ple sebagai mereka, siswa dapat mengerjakan tugas. Tentu saja, itu akan bergerak sedikit lebih lancar ketika siswa memiliki rutinitas yang pasti dengan standar behav¬ior. Pasang siswa sering jatuh ke dalam pola kerja yang mahir untuk menyelesaikan assign¬ments. Ketika baik dipasangkan, banyak dapat dicapai dalam waktu singkat. Tapi

berpasangan
Ketika siswa bekerja bersama-sama, Anda akan menemukan bahwa mereka mungkin jatuh kembali ke kebiasaan buruk jika tidak diawasi. Guru pemantauan penting.
memasangkan acak
acak pasangan adalah kenyamanan. Ini bekerja lebih baik bila digunakan secara jangka pendek karena sedikit pemikiran yang diberikan kepada pasangan untuk kebutuhan siswa atau tuntutan tugas. Keuntungan nyata dari pasangan acak adalah bahwa menghemat waktu. Gambar 12.5 adalah panduan untuk membantu Anda membuat persiapan untuk memasangkan siswa strat¬egy dan mempertimbangkan beberapa masalah dan kekurangan.
mencari 12,5
acak pasangan perencanaan sekilas
membuat persiapan masalah dan kerugian
• menentukan tugas sesuai.
• memutuskan pada strategi pemasangan yang tepat (siswa pilihan, kursi
mitra, menghitung off, dan sebagainya).
• mengumpulkan bahan-bahan yang diperlukan. • Pengelolaan kelas masalah seperti acak pasangan mungkin lebih sulit untuk mengendalikan daripada pasangan ditugaskan
• tidak efektif untuk tugas-tugas yang sulit atau terlibat sebagai mahasiswa pasangan tidak mungkin membutuhkan keterampilan dan pengetahuan
membuat persiapan
"Dengan tetangga Anda, membahas masalah ini dan memutuskan apa faktor yang membuat berbeda-masa kemerdekaan sampai pada kesimpulan," kata guru. Jenis berpasangan dengan cepat dibentuk memiliki tempat tertentu di dalam kelas. Hal ini membutuhkan persiapan tidak nyata; Pasang dapat dibuat sesuai pilihan siswa, kedekatan, atau menghitung-offs.
jenis kegiatan harus dilakukan dengan pasangan acak yang sederhana, seperti
• membuat daftar faktor penting dari topik.
• memecahkan masalah menggunakan formula baru.
• Mencari jawaban atas pertanyaan dalam buku dan mengutip atau meringkas informasi.
• membantu satu sama lain belajar sebuah puisi, formula, atau bagaimana untuk mengeja kata-kata (yaitu, setiap sekolah sehari-hari tugas).
• daftar pro dan kontra dari sebuah isu yang sedang dipelajari.
• berbagi apa yang telah dipelajari.

The elemen kunci kelas Management
contoh diatas mendukung ajaran, dapat membantu dengan aplikasi belajar-ing, dan mungkin memerlukan hanya beberapa menit dari kelas waktu.
sesuai topik
gambar 12,6 memberikan contoh topik yang tepat dan pantas untuk pengelompokan dipasangkan secara acak.
mencari 20.3
acak pemasangan aplikasi contoh
aplikasi yang sesuai
acak memasangkan kurang efektif aplikasi
memasangkan acak
IPS: Parafrase Pembukaan UUD. IPS: Membuat papan proyek (keterampilan dan pengetahuan mungkin hilang dari
acak pasangan).
komunikasi: membuat grafik plot untuk sebuah cerita pendek. Komunikasi: Mengedit dan merevisi tertulis com-posisi (tingkat pengetahuan untuk mengedit dan revisi mungkin hilang dari pasangan).
Science: menggunakan magnet dan kikiran besi, menemukan pola-pola berbeda yang dibuat oleh bergerak magnet bawah kertas. Science: Melakukan proyek-proyek fair Sains (keterampilan dan pengetahuan mungkin hilang).
masalah dan kerugian
setiap kali mahasiswa diwajibkan untuk bergerak, seperti yang akan diperlukan untuk pasangan, akan ada beberapa kebingungan. Prosedur yang baik adalah untuk memberikan batasan waktu. "Anda memiliki dua menit untuk diam-diam mengumpulkan bahan-bahan Anda, pindah ke tempat kerja Anda baru, dan memulai tugas." Kedekatan teknik berguna dalam mendapatkan siswa pada tugas. Ketika bekerja dengan pasangan permanen, dan prosedur dapat direncanakan dan menjadi rutinitas. Ketika bekerja dengan pasang acak, kenyataan bahwa pasangan acak dapat menyebabkan kebingungan — misalnya, pemasangan sesuai dengan pilihan siswa dapat meninggalkan beberapa siswa tanpa mitra, seperti dapat memasangkan menurut kedekatan (jika tidak ada dalam meja samping mahasiswa). Acak pasangan tidak efisien untuk tugas-tugas yang terlibat, sulit. Ada terlalu banyak peluang untuk pasangan stu-penyok yang memiliki konflik kepribadian dan yang bersama-sama tidak memiliki keterampilan yang-sary untuk tugas didefinisikan.
kesimpulan
"Dengan Anda tetangga, berpikir, pasangan, berbagi," guru menyarankan setelah membahas masalah. "Topik untuk dipertimbangkan dicatat di papan tulis. Memindahkan kursi Anda, dan

berpasangan

memutuskan perekam. Anda akan memiliki enam menit untuk menyelesaikan tugas."Menyediakan qual¬ity arah adalah salah satu teknik terbaik untuk mengurangi masalah-masalah pengelolaan kelas dan untuk memperoleh kualitas hasil dari upaya. Kendala waktu juga membantu dalam meningkatkan tingkat mahasiswa keprihatinan.
ringkasan
ketika saya pertama memungkinkan siswa untuk bekerja berpasangan, salah satu pertanyaan pertama saya mendengar, luar biasa, adalah, "Anda tidak menelepon kecurangan ini?"Bahkan mahasiswa harus melewati keyakinan bahwa memberikan kesempatan untuk bantuan tambahan yang sama sebagai kecurangan. Saya kemudian harus menjelaskan bahwa jika mereka ingin bekerja berpasangan mereka perlu membawa setiap mereka berbagi beban dan ini adalah apa yang membuatnya adil. Mereka menerima penjelasan tersebut dan menyadari bahwa aku berarti apa yang saya katakan. Jika setiap saat saya mengamati seseorang dalam pasangan tidak berpartisipasi, Aku memberikan peringatan yang adil; Jika peringatan tidak diperhatikan, saya memberikan konsekuensi.
guru-guru yang mencari cara untuk mempromosikan kerjasama, mempercepat penyelesaian tugas, atau menyediakan dukungan rekan harus mempertimbangkan pemasangan. Salah satu keuntungan dari strategi ini adalah bahwa guru dapat menggunakan berbagai jenis pemasangan pada saat yang sama: beberapa siswa dapat dipasangkan dengan mentor, sedangkan orang lain mungkin dipasangkan dengan tujuan sup-plying keahlian yang dibutuhkan untuk menyelesaikan tugas. Bahkan mungkin ide yang baik untuk stu-penyok memiliki beberapa masukan sebelum menentukan mitra dengan meminta mereka menjawab dua pertanyaan: "siapa yang Anda tahu Anda bisa bekerja dengan baik — tidak teman-teman, tetapi rekan kerja baik?" dan "Apakah ada orang yakin Anda tidak bisa bekerja dengan? Anda dapat mendaftar hanya satu."Saya selalu telah dihormati daftar teman-teman yang dengan siapa siswa mengatakan mereka tidak bisa bekerja. Ini mencegah saya dari membuat pilihan yang buruk untuk murid-murid saya. Dengan kemitraan yang mana satu-satu, ramah hubungan penting.
bacaan
jika Anda tertarik untuk belajar lebih banyak tentang siswa berpasangan, pertimbangkan membaca berikut:
Cummings, C. (2000). Memenangkan strategi untuk pengelolaan kelas (ms. 48–50).
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Conclusion
Mentoring can be a valuable strategy for the classroom, but it shouldn’t be over-used. Mentors have a big responsibility, and they could experience burnout if over¬burdened. Pairing in mentorship is important and should happen after a teacher has achieved a good understanding of her students and their skills, personalities, strengths, and weaknesses. It is important to be flexible when using mentoring. If a quality mentor is having a bad day and needs a break, a way of providing for that need should be made available.
Student Partnerships
Students selected for partnerships have an equal responsibility to work together, either in a “study-buddy” or task-oriented format. There are a wide variety of advantages to working successfully in partnerships, including speed of completion, more diverse points of view, and greater opportunity to participate. In addition, there are many appropriate tasks for working in student pairs.
Figure 12.3 is a guide to help you make preparations for the student-pairs strat¬egy and consider some of the problems and disadvantages.

Figure 12.3
Student Pairs Planning at a Glance

Making Preparations
• Match pairs according to task.
• Gather appropriate information and materials.
• Provide guidance as needed.

Problems and Disadvantages
• Need for greater classroom management
• Greater responsibility in pairing

Making Preparations
Partnerships are not based on unequal abilities, but rather on selecting pairs to accomplish a task. Student partners may have equal ability, but maybe not in the same areas. If a task requires a variety of skills, pairs may be selected to best meet those demands. The student pairs should be able to form a working relationship; as with mentoring, it is best not to match students with best friends or social enemies.
Partnerships can tackle nearly any classroom task. It is important to provide clear assignments and adequate information of what is expected and when it is due. Lengthy assignments and projects should include a checklist with a timeline showing due dates.

The Key Elements of Classroom Management
Appropriate Topics
Figure 12.4 gives examples of appropriate and inappropriate topics for student pairs.
Figure 12.4
Student Pairs Application Examples
Appropriate Application of
Student Pairs Less-Effective Application of
Student Pairs
Mathematics: Practice math skills. Most activities are appropriate for partnerships.
Communications: Study for a vocabulary test.
Science: Do a science fair project or work as lab partners.
Problems and Disadvantages
When having students work with partners instead of small groups, teachers need to adjust to the increased demands for guidance and assistance. It is essential for teachers to circulate, monitoring for progress and misconduct. On the other hand, because there is less potential for social problems between two students than in a group, there may also be fewer conflicts.
In group work, one student may be responsible for recording, one for leader¬ship, one for material handling, and so forth. In pairing, each partner must take on more responsibility, and the roles are generally less defined because the partners must decide how to complete the whole task. When one slacks off in a group, oth¬ers share the extra burden; if one does not help carry the load in a partnership, the partner has no help.
Conclusion
“With your study buddy, complete the questions on page 10. You will be responsi-ble for dividing the task in a fair manner or jointly doing the entire task. You have two minutes to move to your assigned area. Work will be handed in at the end of the period. If you finish early, begin learning the material.” With instructions as sim¬ple as those, students can be working on an assignment. Of course, it will move a little more smoothly when students have a definite routine with a standard of behav¬ior. Student pairs often fall into a proficient working pattern for completing assign¬ments. When well paired, much can be accomplished in a short amount of time. But

Working in Pairs
when students work together, you’ll find that they may fall back into poor habits if not supervised. Teacher monitoring is important.
Random Pairing
Random pairing is a convenience. It works best when used on a short-term basis because little thought is given to pairing for the needs of the student or the demands of the task. The real advantage of random pairing is that it saves time. Figure 12.5 is a guide to help you make preparations for the student-pairing strat¬egy and consider some of the problems and disadvantages.
Figure 12.5
Random Pairing Planning at a Glance
Making Preparations Problems and Disadvantages
• Determine an appropriate task.
• Decide on an appropriate pairing strategy (student choice, seat
partners, counting off, and so forth).
• Gather necessary materials. • Classroom management issues as random pairing may be harder to control than assigned pairings
• Not effective for difficult or involved tasks as student pairs may not have needed skills and knowledge
Making Preparations
“With your neighbor, discuss this issue and decide what factors made a differ-ence to the conclusion,” says the teacher. This type of quickly formed pairing has a definite place in the classroom. It requires no real preparation; pairs can be created according to student choice, proximity, or count-offs.
The kinds of activity to be done with random pairings are simple ones, such as
• Creating a list of the important factors of a topic.
• Solving a problem using a new formula.
• Finding the answer to a question in the textbook and paraphrasing or summarizing the information.
• Helping each other learn a poem, formula, or how to spell words (i.e., any everyday school task).
• Listing the pros and cons of an issue being studied.
• Sharing what has been learned.

The Key Elements of Classroom Management
The above examples support the teaching, can help with the application of learn-ing, and may require only a few minutes of class time.
Appropriate Topics
Figure 12.6 gives examples of appropriate and inappropriate topics for randomly paired groupings.
Figure 12.6
Random Pairing Application Examples
Appropriate Application of
Random Pairing Less-Effective Application of
Random Pairing
Social Studies: Paraphrase the Preamble of the Constitution. Social Studies: Make project boards (skills and knowledge may be missing from
random pairings).
Communications: Create a plot chart for a short story. Communications: Edit and revise written com-position (level of knowledge for editing and revision may be missing from pairs).
Science: Using magnets and iron filings, discover different patterns that are made by moving the magnets under the paper. Science: Do science fair projects (skills and knowledge may be missing).
Problems and Disadvantages
Whenever students are required to move, as would be necessary for pairing, there will be some confusion. A good procedure is to provide time restrictions. “You have two minutes to quietly gather your materials, move to your new place of work, and begin the task.” Proximity techniques are helpful in getting the students on task. When working with permanent pairings, seating arrangements and procedures can be planned and become routine. When working with random pairs, the very fact that the pairing is random may cause confusion—for example, pairing according to student choice can leave some students without partners, as can pairing according to proximity (if there is no one in the desk beside a student). Random pairings are not efficient for involved, difficult tasks. There are too many opportunities to pair stu-dents who have personality conflicts and who together don’t have the skills neces-sary for the defined task.
Conclusion
“With your neighbor, think, pair, share,” the teacher advises after discussing an issue. “The topic to be considered is recorded on the board. Move your chairs, and

Working in Pairs

decide on a recorder. You’ll have six minutes to complete the task.” Providing qual¬ity directions is one of the best techniques for reducing classroom management problems and for obtaining quality results from the effort. Time constraints are also helpful in increasing the level of student concern.
Summary
When I first allowed students to work in pairs, one of the first questions I heard, amazingly, was, “You don’t call this cheating?” Even students had to get past the belief that providing an opportunity for extra help was the same as cheating. I then had to explain that if they wanted to work in pairs they needed to each carry their share of the load and this is what made it fair. They accepted that explanation and realized that I meant what I said. If at any time I observed one person in a pair not participating, I gave fair warning; if the warning was not heeded, I provided consequences.
Teachers looking for a way to promote cooperation, hasten completion of a task, or provide peer support should consider pairing. One advantage of this strategy is that teachers can use different kinds of pairing at the same time: some students can be paired with mentors, whereas others might be paired with the purpose of sup-plying the skills needed to complete the task. It might even be a good idea for stu-dents to have some input before assigning partners by having them answer two questions: “Who do you know you could work with well—not friends, but good coworkers?” and “Is there anyone you are certain you could not work with? You may list only one.” I’ve always honored the list of peers with whom students said they could not work. It prevented me from making poor selections for my students. With partnerships where it is one-on-one, a cordial relationship is important.
Additional Reading
If you are interested in learning more about students working in pairs, consider reading the following:
Cummings, C. (2000). Winning strategies for classroom management (pp. 48–50).
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