1. IntroductionHunting is a ubiquitous part of daily life in rural Cen terjemahan - 1. IntroductionHunting is a ubiquitous part of daily life in rural Cen Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

1. IntroductionHunting is a ubiquit

1. Introduction
Hunting is a ubiquitous part of daily life in rural Central Africa. Wild meat is
part of the village subsistence economy, and commercial wildlife hunting—
practised in Central Africa for at least two millennia—continues today [ 1,2].
Contemporary illegal wildlife trade, now one of the three most important
types of crime on the planet [3], uses village hunters to secure tusks, meat
and skins, but an increasing number of commercial hunters, using heaviercalibre weapons than those available to villagers, and particularly targeting
ivory-bearing elephants, are also hunting in the region; meat and ivory then
pass via highly organized trade chains to their destinations in the cities of the
region and overseas [4 – 7]. The ecological consequences of wildlife hunting
in the tropics are far-reaching, with knock-on effects disrupting ecological
function over large areas and in key ecosystems [ 8 – 10].
Human shaping of the rainforest environment is a significant evolutionary
force for the biome [1,11], and African rainforest species, unlike those endemic to other continents, have evolved in the constant presence of hominid
hunters and their ancestors [12]. However, modern human hunting pressure,
driven largely by increasing commercial trade, has resulted in the local extirpation of many larger African rainforest mammals [13 – 17] and is changing
wildlife assemblages and species interactions [ 18,19]. Overhunting of wildlife
is highly associated with loss of ecological integrity in tropical forests
[20] and significant, deleterious trophic cascades in other ecosystems [9,10],
and similar changes are almost certainly happening in the rainforests of
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1. IntroductionHunting is a ubiquitous part of daily life in rural Central Africa. Wild meat ispart of the village subsistence economy, and commercial wildlife hunting—practised in Central Africa for at least two millennia—continues today [ 1,2].Contemporary illegal wildlife trade, now one of the three most importanttypes of crime on the planet [3], uses village hunters to secure tusks, meatand skins, but an increasing number of commercial hunters, using heaviercalibre weapons than those available to villagers, and particularly targetingivory-bearing elephants, are also hunting in the region; meat and ivory thenpass via highly organized trade chains to their destinations in the cities of theregion and overseas [4 – 7]. The ecological consequences of wildlife huntingin the tropics are far-reaching, with knock-on effects disrupting ecologicalfunction over large areas and in key ecosystems [ 8 – 10].Human shaping of the rainforest environment is a significant evolutionaryforce for the biome [1,11], and African rainforest species, unlike those endemic to other continents, have evolved in the constant presence of hominidhunters and their ancestors [12]. However, modern human hunting pressure,driven largely by increasing commercial trade, has resulted in the local extirpation of many larger African rainforest mammals [13 – 17] and is changingwildlife assemblages and species interactions [ 18,19]. Overhunting of wildlifeis highly associated with loss of ecological integrity in tropical forests[20] and significant, deleterious trophic cascades in other ecosystems [9,10],and similar changes are almost certainly happening in the rainforests of
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1. Pendahuluan
Berburu adalah bagian di mana-mana dari kehidupan sehari-hari di pedesaan Afrika Tengah. Daging liar adalah
bagian dari ekonomi subsisten desa, dan satwa liar hunting- komersial
dipraktekkan di Afrika Tengah selama setidaknya dua ribu tahun-berlanjut hari ini [1,2].
Kontemporer perdagangan satwa liar, sekarang salah satu dari tiga yang paling penting
jenis kejahatan di planet [3], menggunakan pemburu desa untuk mengamankan gading, daging
dan kulit, tetapi peningkatan jumlah pemburu komersial, menggunakan senjata heaviercalibre daripada yang tersedia untuk penduduk desa, dan terutama menargetkan
gajah gading-bantalan, juga berburu di daerah; daging dan gading kemudian
lulus melalui rantai perdagangan yang sangat terorganisir untuk tujuan mereka di kota-kota di
wilayah dan luar negeri [4 - 7]. Konsekuensi ekologi satwa liar berburu
di daerah tropis yang jauh, dengan knock-on efek mengganggu ekologi
fungsi di daerah yang luas dan dalam ekosistem kunci [8 - 10].
membentuk manusia dari lingkungan hutan hujan adalah evolusi yang signifikan
kekuatan untuk bioma [ 1,11], dan spesies hutan hujan Afrika, tidak seperti endemik ke benua lain, telah berkembang dengan adanya konstan hominid
pemburu dan nenek moyang mereka [12]. Namun, tekanan perburuan manusia modern,
didorong oleh peningkatan perdagangan komersial, telah mengakibatkan pemusnahan lokal banyak yang lebih besar mamalia hutan hujan Afrika [13-17] dan berubah
kumpulan satwa liar dan spesies interaksi [18,19]. Diburu satwa liar
sangat terkait dengan hilangnya integritas ekologi di hutan tropis
[20] dan signifikan, kaskade trofik merusak ekosistem lainnya [9,10],
dan perubahan serupa hampir pasti terjadi di hutan hujan
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