Definion of Course DesignCourse design is the process by which the raw terjemahan - Definion of Course DesignCourse design is the process by which the raw Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Definion of Course DesignCourse des

Definion of Course Design
Course design is the process by which the raw data about the learning need is interpreted in order to produce an integrated series of teaching-learning experiences, whose ultimate aim is to lead the learners to a particular state of knowledge. whose ultimate aim is to lead the learners to a particular state of knowledge. In practical terms this entails the use of the theoretical and empirical information available to produce a syllabus, to select, adapt or write materials in accordance with the syllabus, to develop a methodology for teaching those materials and to establish evaluation procedures by which progress towards the specified goals will be measured.
There are any three main types of course design:
1. Language-centred course design
This is the simplest kind of course design and is probably the one most familiar to English teacher. It is particularly prevalent in ESP. The language - centred course design process aims to draw as direct a connection as possible between the analysis of the target situation and the content of the ESP course.
At the first sight, this may seem to be a very logical procedure. It starts with the learner, procedus through various stages of analysis to a syllabus, thence to materials in use in the classroom and finally to evaluation of mastery of the syllabus items. However, logical and straightforward as it may seem, it has a number of weaknesses:
a) It starts from the learners and their needs, and thus it might be centred in any meaningful sense of the term. The learner is used solely as a way of locating the restricted are. Thereafter the learner plays no further part in the process. As we have seen, however, when considering needs analysis, the learner should be considered at every stage of the process.
b) The language – centred process can also be criticized for being a static and inflexible procedure, which can take little account of the conflicts and contradictions that are inherent in any human endeavor. Once the initial analysis of the target situation is done, the course designer is looked into a relentless process. And unfortunately we have to admit that we do not know enough about how the mind actually goes about creating its internal system of knowledge.
c) One of the alluring features of this model is that it appears to be systematic. But in so doing engenders the false belief learning itself is systematic- that the systematic analysis and presentation of language data will produce systematic learning in the learner. But the most important point here is that it must be an internally – generated system not an externally imposed system. The fact that knowledge has been systematically analysed and systematically presented does not in any way imply has it will be systematically learnt. Learners have to make the system meaningful to themselves.
d) The language-centred model gives no acknowledgement to factors which must inevitably play a part in the creation of any course. Data such as that produced by a needs analysis, its not important in itself. Data must be interpreted, and in interpreting we make use of all sorts of knowledge that are not revealed in the analysis itself. What is actually happening in the language – centred approach is that an analytical model is also being used inapporopriately as a predictive model. If materials are based on the language-centred model, then either there are other factors being used, which are not acknowledge in the model, or and sadly this is what seems so often to be important at all. As a teacher once remarked at a seminar on materials writing, ‘ it doesn’t matter if it’s boring. It’s ESP.’
e) The language – centred analysis of target situation data is only at the surface level. It reveals very little about the competence that underlies the performance.

2. Skills-centered course design
The skills-centred approach to ESP has been widely applied in a number of countries, particularly in Latin America. Students in universities and colleges there have the limited, but important need to read subject texts in English, because they are unavailable in the mother tongue. The skills-centered approach is founded on two fundamental principles, one theoretical, the other pragmatic :
a. The basic theoretical hypothesis is that underlying any language behavior are certain skills and strategies, which the learner uses in order to produce or comprehend discourse. A skills-centred approach aims to get away from the surface performance data and look at the competence that underlines the performance (see I (e) above). A skills – centred course will present its learning objectives in term of both performance and competence.
b. The pragmatic basis for the skills-centred approach derives from a distinction made by Widdowson (1982) between goal-oriented courses and process-oriented courses. Holmes (1982) points out that in ESP the main problem is usually one of time available and student experience. First, the aims may be defined in terms of what is desirable, - i.e. to be able to read in the literature of the students’ specialism, but there may be nowhere near enough time to reach this aim during the period of the course. Secondly, the students may be in their first year of studies with little experience of the literature of their specialism.
The process-oriented approach tries to avoid this problem by removing the distinction between the ESP course and the target situation. The emphasis in the ESP course, is not on achieving a particular set of goals, but on enabling the learners to achieving what they can within the given constraints.
The role of needs analysis in a skills-centred approach is twofold. Firstly, it provides a basis for discovering the underlying competence that enables people to perform in the target situation. Secondly, it enables the course designer to discover the potential knowledge and abilities that the learners bring to the ESP classroom.
The skills-centred approach, can certainly claim to take the learner more into account than the language-centredapproach :
a. In views language in terms of how the mind of the learner processes it rather than as an entity in itself.
b. It tries to build on the positive factors that the learners bring to the course, rather than just on the negative idea of ‘lack’.
c. It frames its objectives in open-ended terms, so enabling learners to achievement at least something.
The skills-centred approach still approaches the learner as a user of language rather than as a learner of language. The processes it is concerned with are the processes of language use not of language learning. It is with this distinction in mind that we turn to the third approach to course design.
3. A Learning-centred approach
The learner-centred approach is based on the principle that learning is totally determined by the laearner. As teachers we can influence what we teach, but what the learners learn is determined by the learners alone. Learning is seen as a process in which the learners use what knowledge or skills they have in order to make sense of the flow of new information.
Learning, therefore, is an internal process, which is crucially dependent upon the knowledge the learners already have and their ability and motivation to use it. It is difficult to fault this view of learning, if we see learning simply in terms of the end product in the learner’s mind. But learning can, and should, be seen in the context in which it takes place.
Learning is not just a mental process, it is a process, it is a process of negotiation between individuals and society. Society sets the target (in the case of ESP, performance in the target situation) and the individuals must do their best to get as close to that target as is possible (or reject it). The learners will certainly determine their own route to the target and the the speed at which they travel the route, but that does not make the target unimportant. The target still has a determining influence on the possible routes. In the learning process, then, there is more than just the learner to consider. For this reason we would reject the term a learner-centred approach in favour of a learning-centred approach to indicate that the concern is to maximise learning. The learner is one factor to consider in the learning process, but not the only one. Thus the term learner-centred would for our purpose be misleading.
To return to our discussion of approaches to course design, we can see that for all its emphasis on the learner, the skill-centred approach does not fully take the learner into account, because it still makes the ESP learning situation too dependent on the target situation. The learner is used to identify and to analyse the target situation. The learner is used to identify and to analyse the target situation needs. But then, as with the language-centred approach, the learner is discarded and the target situation analysis is allowed to determine the content of the course with little further reference to the learner.
A language-centred approach say this is the nature of the target situation performance and that will determine the ESP course. A skills-centred approach says: That’s not enough. We must look behind the target performance data to discover what processes enable someone to perform. Those processes will determine the ESP course.
A learning-centred approach says thet’s not enough either. We must look beyond the competence that enables someone to perform, because what we really want to discover is not the competence itself, but how someone acquires that competence. This has two implications:
a. Course design is a negotiated process. There is no single factor which has an outright determining influence on the content of the course. The ESP learning situation and the target situation will both influence the nature of the syllabus, materials, methodology and evaluation procedures. Similarly each of these components will in
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Definion of Course DesignCourse design is the process by which the raw data about the learning need is interpreted in order to produce an integrated series of teaching-learning experiences, whose ultimate aim is to lead the learners to a particular state of knowledge. whose ultimate aim is to lead the learners to a particular state of knowledge. In practical terms this entails the use of the theoretical and empirical information available to produce a syllabus, to select, adapt or write materials in accordance with the syllabus, to develop a methodology for teaching those materials and to establish evaluation procedures by which progress towards the specified goals will be measured.There are any three main types of course design:1. Language-centred course designThis is the simplest kind of course design and is probably the one most familiar to English teacher. It is particularly prevalent in ESP. The language - centred course design process aims to draw as direct a connection as possible between the analysis of the target situation and the content of the ESP course.At the first sight, this may seem to be a very logical procedure. It starts with the learner, procedus through various stages of analysis to a syllabus, thence to materials in use in the classroom and finally to evaluation of mastery of the syllabus items. However, logical and straightforward as it may seem, it has a number of weaknesses:a) It starts from the learners and their needs, and thus it might be centred in any meaningful sense of the term. The learner is used solely as a way of locating the restricted are. Thereafter the learner plays no further part in the process. As we have seen, however, when considering needs analysis, the learner should be considered at every stage of the process. b) The language – centred process can also be criticized for being a static and inflexible procedure, which can take little account of the conflicts and contradictions that are inherent in any human endeavor. Once the initial analysis of the target situation is done, the course designer is looked into a relentless process. And unfortunately we have to admit that we do not know enough about how the mind actually goes about creating its internal system of knowledge. c) One of the alluring features of this model is that it appears to be systematic. But in so doing engenders the false belief learning itself is systematic- that the systematic analysis and presentation of language data will produce systematic learning in the learner. But the most important point here is that it must be an internally – generated system not an externally imposed system. The fact that knowledge has been systematically analysed and systematically presented does not in any way imply has it will be systematically learnt. Learners have to make the system meaningful to themselves.d) The language-centred model gives no acknowledgement to factors which must inevitably play a part in the creation of any course. Data such as that produced by a needs analysis, its not important in itself. Data must be interpreted, and in interpreting we make use of all sorts of knowledge that are not revealed in the analysis itself. What is actually happening in the language – centred approach is that an analytical model is also being used inapporopriately as a predictive model. If materials are based on the language-centred model, then either there are other factors being used, which are not acknowledge in the model, or and sadly this is what seems so often to be important at all. As a teacher once remarked at a seminar on materials writing, ‘ it doesn’t matter if it’s boring. It’s ESP.’e) The language – centred analysis of target situation data is only at the surface level. It reveals very little about the competence that underlies the performance. 2. Skills-centered course design The skills-centred approach to ESP has been widely applied in a number of countries, particularly in Latin America. Students in universities and colleges there have the limited, but important need to read subject texts in English, because they are unavailable in the mother tongue. The skills-centered approach is founded on two fundamental principles, one theoretical, the other pragmatic :a. The basic theoretical hypothesis is that underlying any language behavior are certain skills and strategies, which the learner uses in order to produce or comprehend discourse. A skills-centred approach aims to get away from the surface performance data and look at the competence that underlines the performance (see I (e) above). A skills – centred course will present its learning objectives in term of both performance and competence.b. The pragmatic basis for the skills-centred approach derives from a distinction made by Widdowson (1982) between goal-oriented courses and process-oriented courses. Holmes (1982) points out that in ESP the main problem is usually one of time available and student experience. First, the aims may be defined in terms of what is desirable, - i.e. to be able to read in the literature of the students’ specialism, but there may be nowhere near enough time to reach this aim during the period of the course. Secondly, the students may be in their first year of studies with little experience of the literature of their specialism.The process-oriented approach tries to avoid this problem by removing the distinction between the ESP course and the target situation. The emphasis in the ESP course, is not on achieving a particular set of goals, but on enabling the learners to achieving what they can within the given constraints.The role of needs analysis in a skills-centred approach is twofold. Firstly, it provides a basis for discovering the underlying competence that enables people to perform in the target situation. Secondly, it enables the course designer to discover the potential knowledge and abilities that the learners bring to the ESP classroom.The skills-centred approach, can certainly claim to take the learner more into account than the language-centredapproach :a. In views language in terms of how the mind of the learner processes it rather than as an entity in itself.b. It tries to build on the positive factors that the learners bring to the course, rather than just on the negative idea of ‘lack’. c. It frames its objectives in open-ended terms, so enabling learners to achievement at least something.The skills-centred approach still approaches the learner as a user of language rather than as a learner of language. The processes it is concerned with are the processes of language use not of language learning. It is with this distinction in mind that we turn to the third approach to course design.3. A Learning-centred approachThe learner-centred approach is based on the principle that learning is totally determined by the laearner. As teachers we can influence what we teach, but what the learners learn is determined by the learners alone. Learning is seen as a process in which the learners use what knowledge or skills they have in order to make sense of the flow of new information. Learning, therefore, is an internal process, which is crucially dependent upon the knowledge the learners already have and their ability and motivation to use it. It is difficult to fault this view of learning, if we see learning simply in terms of the end product in the learner’s mind. But learning can, and should, be seen in the context in which it takes place.Learning is not just a mental process, it is a process, it is a process of negotiation between individuals and society. Society sets the target (in the case of ESP, performance in the target situation) and the individuals must do their best to get as close to that target as is possible (or reject it). The learners will certainly determine their own route to the target and the the speed at which they travel the route, but that does not make the target unimportant. The target still has a determining influence on the possible routes. In the learning process, then, there is more than just the learner to consider. For this reason we would reject the term a learner-centred approach in favour of a learning-centred approach to indicate that the concern is to maximise learning. The learner is one factor to consider in the learning process, but not the only one. Thus the term learner-centred would for our purpose be misleading.To return to our discussion of approaches to course design, we can see that for all its emphasis on the learner, the skill-centred approach does not fully take the learner into account, because it still makes the ESP learning situation too dependent on the target situation. The learner is used to identify and to analyse the target situation. The learner is used to identify and to analyse the target situation needs. But then, as with the language-centred approach, the learner is discarded and the target situation analysis is allowed to determine the content of the course with little further reference to the learner.A language-centred approach say this is the nature of the target situation performance and that will determine the ESP course. A skills-centred approach says: That’s not enough. We must look behind the target performance data to discover what processes enable someone to perform. Those processes will determine the ESP course.A learning-centred approach says thet’s not enough either. We must look beyond the competence that enables someone to perform, because what we really want to discover is not the competence itself, but how someone acquires that competence. This has two implications:a. Course design is a negotiated process. There is no single factor which has an outright determining influence on the content of the course. The ESP learning situation and the target situation will both influence the nature of the syllabus, materials, methodology and evaluation procedures. Similarly each of these components will in


















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Definisi dari Kursus Desain
desain Course adalah proses dimana data mentah tentang perlunya pembelajaran ditafsirkan untuk menghasilkan serangkaian terpadu pengalaman belajar-mengajar, yang tujuan utamanya adalah untuk memimpin peserta didik untuk keadaan tertentu pengetahuan. yang tujuan utamanya adalah untuk memimpin peserta didik untuk keadaan tertentu pengetahuan. Secara praktis ini memerlukan penggunaan informasi teoritis dan empiris yang ada untuk menghasilkan silabus, untuk memilih, menyesuaikan atau menulis bahan sesuai dengan silabus, untuk mengembangkan metodologi untuk mengajar bahan-bahan dan menetapkan prosedur evaluasi dimana kemajuan terhadap target yang ditetapkan akan diukur.
Ada pun tiga jenis utama desain saja:
1. Desain kursus bahasa berpusat
Ini adalah jenis yang paling sederhana dari desain saja dan mungkin yang paling akrab bagi guru bahasa Inggris. Hal ini terutama terjadi di ESP. Bahasa - berpusat proses desain saja bertujuan untuk menarik sebagai langsung koneksi mungkin antara analisis situasi target dan isi dari ESP saja.
Pada pandangan pertama, ini mungkin tampaknya menjadi prosedur yang sangat logis. Dimulai dengan peserta didik, procedus melalui berbagai tahap analisis untuk silabus, dari situ ke bahan yang digunakan di dalam kelas dan akhirnya untuk evaluasi penguasaan item silabus. Namun, logis dan mudah karena mungkin tampak, ia memiliki sejumlah kelemahan:
a) Dimulai dari peserta didik dan kebutuhan mereka, dan dengan demikian mungkin akan berpusat dalam arti yang bermakna istilah. Pelajar hanya digunakan sebagai cara untuk menempatkan dibatasi adalah. Setelah itu peserta didik tidak memainkan bagian lebih lanjut dalam proses. Sebagaimana telah kita lihat, namun, ketika mempertimbangkan analisis kebutuhan, pelajar harus dipertimbangkan pada setiap tahap proses.
B) Bahasa - Proses berpusat juga dapat dikritik karena prosedur statis dan tidak fleksibel, yang dapat mengambil sedikit memperhitungkan konflik dan kontradiksi yang melekat dalam setiap usaha manusia. Setelah analisis awal dari situasi target dilakukan, desainer tentu saja melihat ke proses tanpa henti. Dan sayangnya kami harus mengakui bahwa kita tidak cukup tahu tentang bagaimana pikiran benar-benar pergi tentang menciptakan sistem internal pengetahuan.
C) Salah satu fitur menarik dari model ini adalah bahwa hal itu tampaknya menjadi sistematis. Tapi dengan demikian menimbulkan keyakinan palsu belajar itu sendiri adalah systematic- bahwa analisis sistematis dan penyajian data bahasa akan menghasilkan pembelajaran yang sistematis di pelajar. Tapi yang paling penting titik di sini adalah bahwa hal itu harus menjadi internal - sistem tidak sistem eksternal dikenakan dihasilkan. Fakta bahwa pengetahuan telah dianalisis dan sistematis sistematis disajikan tidak dengan cara apapun menyiratkan telah akan sistematis dipelajari. Peserta didik harus membuat sistem yang berarti untuk diri mereka sendiri.
D) Model bahasa berpusat memberikan tidak ada pengakuan faktor yang pasti harus berperan dalam penciptaan saja apapun. Data seperti yang dihasilkan oleh analisis kebutuhan, yang tidak penting dalam dirinya sendiri. Data harus ditafsirkan, dan dalam menafsirkan kita menggunakan segala macam pengetahuan yang tidak terungkap dalam analisis itu sendiri. Apa yang sebenarnya terjadi dalam bahasa - pendekatan berpusat adalah bahwa model analitis juga digunakan inapporopriately sebagai model prediktif. Jika bahan didasarkan pada model bahasa yang berpusat, maka baik ada faktor lain yang digunakan, yang tidak mengakui dalam model, atau dan sayangnya ini adalah apa yang tampaknya sering menjadi penting sekali. Sebagai seorang guru pernah mengatakan pada sebuah seminar tentang bahan penulisan, 'tidak peduli apakah itu membosankan. Ini ESP '.
E) Bahasa - analisis berpusat situasi Target data hanya di tingkat permukaan. Mengungkapkan sedikit tentang kompetensi yang mendasari kinerja. 2. Keterampilan berpusat saja desain Keterampilan berpusat pendekatan ESP telah banyak diterapkan di sejumlah negara, khususnya di Amerika Latin. Mahasiswa di universitas dan perguruan tinggi di sana memiliki keterbatasan, namun penting perlu membaca teks pelajaran dalam bahasa Inggris, karena mereka tidak tersedia dalam bahasa ibu. Keterampilan yang berpusat pendekatan didasarkan pada dua prinsip fundamental, salah satu teori, yang pragmatis lainnya: a. Hipotesis teoritis dasar adalah bahwa yang mendasari perilaku bahasa keterampilan dan strategi tertentu, yang menggunakan pelajar untuk menghasilkan atau memahami wacana. Pendekatan keterampilan yang berpusat bertujuan untuk menjauh dari data kinerja permukaan dan melihat kompetensi yang menggarisbawahi kinerja (lihat I (e) di atas). Sebuah keterampilan - tentu saja berpusat akan menyajikan tujuan pembelajaran dalam jangka baik kinerja dan kompetensi. B. Dasar pragmatis untuk pendekatan keterampilan berpusat berasal dari perbedaan yang dibuat oleh Widdowson (1982) antara kursus berorientasi tujuan dan program yang berorientasi pada proses. Holmes (1982) menunjukkan bahwa dalam ESP masalah utama biasanya adalah salah satu waktu yang tersedia dan pengalaman siswa. Pertama, tujuan dapat didefinisikan dalam hal apa yang diinginkan, - yaitu untuk dapat membaca di literatur spesialisasi siswa, tapi mungkin ada tempat di dekat cukup waktu untuk mencapai tujuan ini selama periode kursus. Kedua, siswa mungkin dalam tahun pertama mereka studi dengan sedikit pengalaman dari literatur dari spesialisasi mereka. Pendekatan berorientasi proses mencoba untuk menghindari masalah ini dengan menghapus perbedaan antara kursus ESP dan situasi sasaran. Penekanan dalam ESP saja, tidak pada pencapaian set tertentu dari tujuan, tetapi pada memungkinkan peserta didik untuk mencapai apa yang mereka bisa dalam batasan tertentu. Peran analisis kebutuhan dalam pendekatan keterampilan berpusat ada dua. Pertama, ia menyediakan dasar untuk menemukan kompetensi dasar yang memungkinkan orang untuk tampil di situasi sasaran. Kedua, memungkinkan perancang program untuk menemukan pengetahuan potensi dan kemampuan bahwa peserta didik membawa ke kelas ESP. The-keterampilan berpusat pendekatan, tentu bisa mengklaim untuk mengambil pelajar lebih memperhitungkan dari bahasa-centredapproach: a. Dalam bahasa dilihat dari segi bagaimana pikiran pelajar proses itu bukan sebagai suatu entitas tersendiri. B. Mencoba untuk membangun faktor-faktor positif bahwa peserta didik membawa ke kursus, bukan hanya pada gagasan negatif 'kurangnya'. C. Ini frame tujuan dalam hal terbuka, sehingga memungkinkan peserta didik untuk berprestasi setidaknya sesuatu. Keterampilan yang berpusat pendekatan masih mendekati pelajar sebagai pengguna bahasa bukan sebagai pembelajar bahasa. Proses itu berkaitan dengan adalah proses penggunaan bahasa bukan dari belajar bahasa. Hal ini dengan perbedaan ini dalam pikiran bahwa kita beralih ke pendekatan ketiga untuk desain saja. 3. Pendekatan Pembelajaran yang berpusat Pendekatan berpusat pada peserta didik didasarkan pada prinsip bahwa pembelajaran benar-benar ditentukan oleh laearner tersebut. Sebagai guru kita dapat mempengaruhi apa yang kita ajarkan, tapi apa yang peserta didik belajar ditentukan oleh peserta didik sendiri. Belajar dipandang sebagai proses di mana peserta didik menggunakan apa pengetahuan atau keterampilan yang mereka miliki untuk memahami arus informasi baru. Pembelajaran, oleh karena itu, proses internal, yang krusial tergantung pada pengetahuan peserta didik telah memiliki dan kemampuan mereka dan motivasi untuk menggunakannya. Sulit untuk kesalahan pandangan ini belajar, jika kita melihat belajar hanya dalam hal produk akhir dalam pikiran pembelajar. Tapi belajar bisa, dan harus, dilihat dalam konteks yang terjadi. Belajar bukan hanya proses mental, itu adalah sebuah proses, itu adalah proses negosiasi antara individu dan masyarakat. Masyarakat menetapkan target (dalam kasus ESP, kinerja dalam situasi target) dan individu harus melakukan yang terbaik untuk mendapatkan dekat dengan target itu seperti yang mungkin (atau menolaknya). Peserta didik tentu akan menentukan rute mereka sendiri untuk target dan kecepatan di mana mereka melakukan perjalanan rute, tapi itu tidak membuat target penting. Target masih memiliki pengaruh yang menentukan pada kemungkinan rute. Dalam proses pembelajaran, maka, ada lebih dari sekedar pelajar untuk mempertimbangkan. Untuk alasan ini kita akan menolak istilah pendekatan berpusat pada peserta didik dalam mendukung pendekatan pembelajaran yang berpusat untuk menunjukkan bahwa perhatian adalah untuk memaksimalkan belajar. Pelajar merupakan salah satu faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam proses pembelajaran, tetapi bukan satu-satunya. Dengan demikian istilah berpusat pada peserta didik akan untuk tujuan kita menyesatkan. Untuk kembali ke diskusi kita pendekatan untuk desain saja, kita dapat melihat bahwa untuk semua penekanan pada peserta didik, pendekatan keterampilan berpusat tidak sepenuhnya mengambil pelajar ke rekening, karena masih membuat situasi belajar ESP terlalu tergantung pada situasi sasaran. Pelajar digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis situasi sasaran. Pelajar digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis situasi sasaran kebutuhan. Tapi kemudian, seperti dengan pendekatan bahasa berpusat, pelajar tersebut akan dibuang dan analisis situasi target diperbolehkan untuk menentukan isi saja dengan sedikit referensi lebih lanjut untuk pelajar. Pendekatan bahasa berpusat mengatakan ini adalah sifat dari target kinerja situasi dan yang akan menentukan ESP saja. Pendekatan keterampilan yang berpusat mengatakan: Itu tidak cukup. Kita harus melihat di balik data kinerja target untuk menemukan apa proses memungkinkan seseorang untuk melakukan. Proses-proses tersebut akan menentukan ESP saja. Pendekatan pembelajaran yang berpusat mengatakan thet tidak cukup baik. Kita harus melihat melampaui kompetensi yang memungkinkan seseorang untuk melakukan, karena apa yang kita benar-benar ingin menemukan tidak kompetensi itu sendiri, tapi bagaimana seseorang memperoleh kompetensi itu. Ini memiliki dua implikasi: a. Desain saja adalah proses negosiasi. Tidak ada faktor tunggal yang memiliki pengaruh langsung menentukan pada isi kursus. Situasi belajar ESP dan situasi sasaran akan baik mempengaruhi sifat dari prosedur silabus, bahan, metodologi dan evaluasi. Demikian pula masing-masing komponen akan di



















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