When a product is patented, competitive bidding is not a viable option terjemahan - When a product is patented, competitive bidding is not a viable option Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

When a product is patented, competi

When a product is patented, competitive bidding is not a viable option to reduce prices because, unless a patent is made ineffective, there is no competition. Compulsory licences may be an important cost-containment measure in that situation. The granting of such licences creates competition by one or more compulsory licensees, which in turn may force prices down. At the same time, the patent holder (and/or any voluntary licensees) can continue with commercialexploitation of the patent, and will receive a compensation (generally in the form of a royalty) from the compulsory licensee/s.
Article 31 of the WTO TRIPS Agreement expressly allows the granting of compulsory licences. The Agreement contains no limits on the grounds under which such licences can be granted. Members’ right to determine such grounds has been confirmed by the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (November 2001). Article 31 makes particular, but not exhaustive, reference to cases of national emergency or extreme urgency, dependency of patents, licences for governmental non-commercial use, and licences to remedy anti-competitive practices. National laws can, however, provide for the granting of such licences whenever the title holder refuses to grant a voluntary licence "on reasonable commercial terms" (Article 31 (b)) and for other reasons, such as public health or broad public interest considerations. The Agreement permits compulsory licences to authorize licensees to exercise any of the rights conferred by a patent, including production or importation.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
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Ketika sebuah produk dipatenkan, penawaran kompetitif bukanlah pilihan yang layak untuk mengurangi harga karena, kecuali paten dilakukan tidak efektif, ada tidak ada kompetisi. Wajib lisensi mungkin ukuran pembatasan-biaya yang penting dalam situasi tersebut. Pemberian lisensi tersebut menciptakan persaingan oleh satu atau lebih lisensi wajib, yang pada gilirannya dapat memaksa harga turun. Pada saat yang sama, pemegang paten (dan/atau pemegang lisensi apapun sukarela) dapat melanjutkan dengan commercialexploitation paten, dan akan menerima kompensasi (biasanya dalam bentuk royalti) dari wajib lisensi/s.Pasal 31 dari perjanjian WTO perjalanan secara tegas memungkinkan pemberian lisensi wajib. Perjanjian berisi tanpa batas taman di mana lisensi tersebut dapat diberikan. Anggota hak untuk menentukan Taman tersebut telah dikonfirmasi oleh Deklarasi Doha pada kesepakatan TRIPS dan kesehatan masyarakat (November 2001). Pasal 31 membuat referensi tertentu, tetapi tidak lengkap, untuk kasus-kasus darurat atau ekstrim Nasional urgensi, ketergantungan paten, lisensi untuk penggunaan non-komersial pemerintah, dan lisensi untuk memperbaiki praktik anti-persaingan. Hukum nasional dapat, namun, memberikan untuk pemberian lisensi tersebut setiap kali pemegang gelar menolak untuk memberikan lisensi sukarela "pada syarat-syarat komersial yang wajar" (Pasal 31 (b)) dan untuk alasan lain, seperti kesehatan masyarakat atau pertimbangan menarik perhatian masyarakat. Perjanjian ijin wajib lisensi untuk mengotorisasi lisensi untuk menjalankan salah satu hak-hak yang diberikan oleh paten, termasuk produksi atau impor.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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When a product is patented, competitive bidding is not a viable option to reduce prices because, unless a patent is made ineffective, there is no competition. Compulsory licences may be an important cost-containment measure in that situation. The granting of such licences creates competition by one or more compulsory licensees, which in turn may force prices down. At the same time, the patent holder (and/or any voluntary licensees) can continue with commercialexploitation of the patent, and will receive a compensation (generally in the form of a royalty) from the compulsory licensee/s.
Article 31 of the WTO TRIPS Agreement expressly allows the granting of compulsory licences. The Agreement contains no limits on the grounds under which such licences can be granted. Members’ right to determine such grounds has been confirmed by the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (November 2001). Article 31 makes particular, but not exhaustive, reference to cases of national emergency or extreme urgency, dependency of patents, licences for governmental non-commercial use, and licences to remedy anti-competitive practices. National laws can, however, provide for the granting of such licences whenever the title holder refuses to grant a voluntary licence "on reasonable commercial terms" (Article 31 (b)) and for other reasons, such as public health or broad public interest considerations. The Agreement permits compulsory licences to authorize licensees to exercise any of the rights conferred by a patent, including production or importation.
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