problems. It is a method of solving

problems. It is a method of solving multistage problems in which the decisions at one stage become the conditions governing the succeeding stages.'' Quadratic and dynamh: programming are still in a state of development and have not been applied widely to real problems. However, they do have considerable potential and may allow implementation of systems concepts which are vital in pro-viding a frame of reference for analysis of large-scale, complex operations."
Input-Output Analysis Input-output analysis, originally developed by Wassily Leontief as a means of studying an overall economy, provides an approach to analyzing interrelationships in large, complex systems. To date input-output analysis has been used to relate production and dis-tribution of products throughout the economy. The output of each industry is traced in detail through intermediate stages to final destinations.- Similarly, the source of raw materials and com-ponents as inputs to a given industry also is traced in considerable detail. When arrayed in a large matrix format and given the co-efficients which relate the industries directly and indirectly, a change of demand for finished goods of a particular industry can be traced throughout the system. The technique has been de-scribed as follows: Mathematically, it is a variation of linear programming and pro-vides a quantitative framework for the description of an entire economy. Basic to input-output analysis is a unique set of input-output ratios for each production and distribution process. For example, the inputs of coal, ore, limestone, electrical power, etc., all enter in the production of pig iron in fixed ratios. Thus, if the ratios of inputs per unit of output are known for all production processes, and if the total production of each end product of the economy—or of that section being studied—is known, it is possible to com-pute precisely the production levels required at every intermediate stage to supply the total sum of end products. Further, it is possible to determine the effect at every point in the production process of a specified change in the volume and mix of end products."'-Given the input-output matrix, detailed analysis could be made of such changes as an increase in residential construction or
"Richard 11e11:nan, Dynamic Programming, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1957, pp. vii-viii. "Ltndsay, op. (It , pp. 42-43. '9bid., p. 43.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

masalah. Ini adalah metode yang memecahkan masalah multistage di mana keputusan pada satu tahap menjadi ketentuan yang mengatur tahap berhasil.'' Kuadrat dan dynamh: pemrograman masih dalam keadaan pembangunan dan telah tidak diterapkan secara luas untuk masalah nyata. Namun, mereka memiliki cukup potensial dan dapat memungkinkan pelaksanaan sistem konsep-konsep yang sangat penting dalam pro-viding kerangka acuan untuk analisis operasi skala besar, kompleks." Input-Output Analysis Input-output analysis, originally developed by Wassily Leontief as a means of studying an overall economy, provides an approach to analyzing interrelationships in large, complex systems. To date input-output analysis has been used to relate production and dis-tribution of products throughout the economy. The output of each industry is traced in detail through intermediate stages to final destinations.- Similarly, the source of raw materials and com-ponents as inputs to a given industry also is traced in considerable detail. When arrayed in a large matrix format and given the co-efficients which relate the industries directly and indirectly, a change of demand for finished goods of a particular industry can be traced throughout the system. The technique has been de-scribed as follows: Mathematically, it is a variation of linear programming and pro-vides a quantitative framework for the description of an entire economy. Basic to input-output analysis is a unique set of input-output ratios for each production and distribution process. For example, the inputs of coal, ore, limestone, electrical power, etc., all enter in the production of pig iron in fixed ratios. Thus, if the ratios of inputs per unit of output are known for all production processes, and if the total production of each end product of the economy—or of that section being studied—is known, it is possible to com-pute precisely the production levels required at every intermediate stage to supply the total sum of end products. Further, it is possible to determine the effect at every point in the production process of a specified change in the volume and mix of end products."'-Given the input-output matrix, detailed analysis could be made of such changes as an increase in residential construction or "Richard 11e11:nan, pemrograman dinamis, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1957, ms. vii-viii."Ltndsay, op. (It, ms. 42-43. ' 9bid., ms. 43.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

masalah. Ini adalah metode untuk memecahkan masalah multistage dimana keputusan pada satu tahap menjadi ketentuan yang mengatur tahap berikutnya '' kuadrat dan dynamh:. Pemrograman masih dalam keadaan pembangunan dan belum diterapkan secara luas untuk masalah nyata. Namun, mereka memiliki potensi yang cukup besar dan memungkinkan pelaksanaan sistem konsep yang sangat penting dalam pro-masi kerangka acuan untuk analisis skala besar, operasi yang kompleks. "
Analisis analisis input-output Input-Output, awalnya dikembangkan oleh Wassily Leontief sebagai sarana belajar ekonomi secara keseluruhan, memberikan suatu pendekatan untuk menganalisis hubungan timbal balik dalam jumlah besar, sistem yang kompleks. Sampai saat ini analisis input-output telah digunakan untuk berhubungan produksi dan dis-tribution produk di seluruh perekonomian. Output dari masing-masing industri ditelusuri secara rinci melalui tahap-tahap peralihan ke destinations.- akhir Demikian pula, sumber bahan baku dan komponen-com-sebagai masukan untuk suatu industri tertentu juga ditelusuri secara rinci. Ketika tersusun dalam format matrix besar dan diberi co-efficients yang berhubungan industri secara langsung dan tidak langsung, perubahan permintaan barang jadi dari industri tertentu dapat ditelusuri seluruh sistem Teknik ini telah de-jelaskan sebagai berikut:. Secara matematis, itu adalah variasi dari program linear dan pro-vides kerangka kuantitatif untuk deskripsi seluruh perekonomian. Dasar analisis input-output adalah seperangkat unik rasio input-output untuk setiap proses produksi dan distribusi. Sebagai contoh, input batubara, bijih, batu kapur, listrik, dll, semua masuk dalam produksi pig iron dalam rasio tetap. Dengan demikian, jika rasio input per unit output dikenal untuk semua proses produksi, dan jika total produksi setiap produk akhir ekonomi-atau bagian yang sedang dipelajari-diketahui, adalah mungkin untuk com-pute justru tingkat produksi yang diperlukan pada setiap tahap peralihan untuk memasok jumlah total produk akhir. Selanjutnya, adalah mungkin untuk menentukan efek pada setiap titik dalam proses produksi perubahan yang ditentukan dalam volume dan bauran produk akhir "'-. Mengingat matriks input-output, analisis rinci dapat dibuat dari perubahan seperti peningkatan dalam konstruksi perumahan atau
"Richard 11e11: nan, Dinamis Programming, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1957, hlm vii-viii.. "Ltndsay, op. (It, pp. 42-43." 9bid., Hal. 43.