8.6 CONCLUSIONOfficial Brazilian go

8.6 CONCLUSION
Official Brazilian government data estimated that in 2008 the eight main crops occupied 54.6 million ha. This figure will increase by 14% (reaching 62.2 million ha) until 2017–2018. Four crops (rice, bean, wheat, and coffee) will decrease by 1.1 million ha, but the other four crops (soybean, maize, sugarcane, and cotton) will increase by 8.7 million ha. The demand for biodiesel will require an extra area of 2.6 million ha for oil crops (soybean, castor bean, palm, and sunlower). Reforestation for industrial uses will also require an additional 3.4 million ha. The total land-use change to accommodate these requirements is estimated to reach 14.7 million ha. It is highly desirable that this production growth should not be linked to any further deforestation, but will instead come up with a better utilization of currently used pastures, which at present occupy 172 million ha. The result would be a total of 157.3 million ha of pastures by 2017. However, beef production should also increase by 28% in the next 10 years. Based on the actual mean holding capacity of the pastures of 0.9 animal unit (AU) ha–1, 48 million ha of pasture would be necessary to meet this projection. To maintain the pasture extension of 157.3 million ha, Brazil should invest in science and technology to increase the present rate of 0.9 AU ha–1 to at least 1.4 AU ha–1. Our proposed goal of attaining a national mean of 1.4 AU ha–1 includes the following components: (1) increase pasture productivity; (2) rehabilitate degraded pastures; (3) introduce integrated crop-livestock systems; and (4) partial cattle coninement and others. Land-use changes to meet the demand for food, iber, and biofuels will occur in all Brazilian territories. National and regional public policies to incentivize these actions in existing pasturelands in the Amazon region would bring important social and economic beneits. Nevertheless, conversion of pastureland to agricultural land has to be done carefully, using as much as possible best management practices to avoid environmental impacts on water streams, soil biodiversity, air quality, etc. Part of the economic incentives could be provided by taxes derived from remuneration of avoided deforestation. Any further deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon should not be justiied by the expansion of land use dedicated to produce grain, fiber, timber, and beef productions in order to meet national goals. Moreover, there is a need to develop a policy about population migration form rural places to cities, which imposes additional stress on natural resources and requires substantial increase in food production. Finally, it must be stressed that NT, pasture, and reforestation are the best options to achieve sustainable soil use.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

8.6 KESIMPULANOfficial Brazilian government data estimated that in 2008 the eight main crops occupied 54.6 million ha. This figure will increase by 14% (reaching 62.2 million ha) until 2017–2018. Four crops (rice, bean, wheat, and coffee) will decrease by 1.1 million ha, but the other four crops (soybean, maize, sugarcane, and cotton) will increase by 8.7 million ha. The demand for biodiesel will require an extra area of 2.6 million ha for oil crops (soybean, castor bean, palm, and sunlower). Reforestation for industrial uses will also require an additional 3.4 million ha. The total land-use change to accommodate these requirements is estimated to reach 14.7 million ha. It is highly desirable that this production growth should not be linked to any further deforestation, but will instead come up with a better utilization of currently used pastures, which at present occupy 172 million ha. The result would be a total of 157.3 million ha of pastures by 2017. However, beef production should also increase by 28% in the next 10 years. Based on the actual mean holding capacity of the pastures of 0.9 animal unit (AU) ha–1, 48 million ha of pasture would be necessary to meet this projection. To maintain the pasture extension of 157.3 million ha, Brazil should invest in science and technology to increase the present rate of 0.9 AU ha–1 to at least 1.4 AU ha–1. Our proposed goal of attaining a national mean of 1.4 AU ha–1 includes the following components: (1) increase pasture productivity; (2) rehabilitate degraded pastures; (3) introduce integrated crop-livestock systems; and (4) partial cattle coninement and others. Land-use changes to meet the demand for food, iber, and biofuels will occur in all Brazilian territories. National and regional public policies to incentivize these actions in existing pasturelands in the Amazon region would bring important social and economic beneits. Nevertheless, conversion of pastureland to agricultural land has to be done carefully, using as much as possible best management practices to avoid environmental impacts on water streams, soil biodiversity, air quality, etc. Part of the economic incentives could be provided by taxes derived from remuneration of avoided deforestation. Any further deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon should not be justiied by the expansion of land use dedicated to produce grain, fiber, timber, and beef productions in order to meet national goals. Moreover, there is a need to develop a policy about population migration form rural places to cities, which imposes additional stress on natural resources and requires substantial increase in food production. Finally, it must be stressed that NT, pasture, and reforestation are the best options to achieve sustainable soil use.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

8.6 KESIMPULAN
Data pemerintah Brazil resmi memperkirakan bahwa pada tahun 2008 delapan tanaman utama diduduki 54.600.000 ha. Angka ini akan meningkat sebesar 14% (mencapai 62.200.000 ha) hingga 2017-2018. Empat tanaman (padi, kacang, gandum, dan kopi) akan menurun sebesar 1,1 juta ha, namun empat lainnya tanaman (kedelai, jagung, tebu, dan kapas) akan meningkat sebesar 8,7 juta ha. Permintaan untuk biodiesel akan membutuhkan area tambahan 2,6 juta ha untuk tanaman minyak (kedelai, biji jarak, kelapa, dan sunlower). Reboisasi untuk keperluan industri juga akan memerlukan tambahan 3,4 juta ha. Perubahan Total penggunaan lahan untuk mengakomodasi kebutuhan tersebut diperkirakan mencapai 14,7 juta ha. Hal ini sangat diharapkan bahwa pertumbuhan produksi ini tidak harus dikaitkan dengan setiap penebangan hutan, tetapi akan datang dengan pemanfaatan yang lebih baik dari padang rumput saat ini digunakan, yang saat ini menempati 172 juta ha. Hasilnya akan menjadi total 157.300.000 ha padang rumput pada 2017. Namun, produksi daging sapi juga harus meningkat 28% dalam 10 tahun ke depan. Berdasarkan kapasitas memegang rata sebenarnya dari padang rumput dari 0,9 unit hewan (AU) ha-1, 48 juta ha padang rumput akan diperlukan untuk memenuhi proyeksi ini. Untuk menjaga perpanjangan padang rumput dari 157.300.000 ha, Brasil harus berinvestasi dalam ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi untuk meningkatkan tingkat sekarang dari 0,9 AU ha-1 untuk setidaknya 1,4 AU ha-1. Tujuan kami mengusulkan mencapai rata-rata nasional 1,4 AU-ha 1 meliputi komponen-komponen berikut: (1) meningkatkan produktivitas padang rumput; (2) merehabilitasi lapangan yang rusak; (3) memperkenalkan sistem tanaman-ternak terpadu; dan (4) coninement ternak parsial dan lain-lain. Perubahan penggunaan lahan untuk memenuhi permintaan untuk makanan, iber, dan biofuel akan terjadi pada semua wilayah Brasil. Nasional dan kebijakan publik daerah untuk mendorong tindakan ini di tanah penggembalaan yang ada di wilayah Amazon akan membawa beneits sosial dan ekonomi yang penting. Namun demikian, konversi padang rumput untuk lahan pertanian harus dilakukan dengan hati-hati, dengan menggunakan sebanyak praktik manajemen terbaik untuk menghindari dampak lingkungan pada aliran air, keanekaragaman hayati tanah, kualitas udara, dll Bagian dari insentif ekonomi dapat diberikan oleh pajak yang berasal dari remunerasi pencegahan deforestasi. Setiap deforestasi lebih lanjut di Brasil Amazon tidak boleh justiied oleh ekspansi penggunaan lahan yang didedikasikan untuk menghasilkan biji-bijian, serat, kayu, dan produksi daging sapi dalam rangka memenuhi tujuan nasional. Selain itu, ada kebutuhan untuk mengembangkan kebijakan tentang tempat-tempat pedesaan berupa migrasi penduduk ke kota-kota, yang menetapkan stres tambahan pada sumber daya alam dan membutuhkan peningkatan substansial dalam produksi pangan. Akhirnya, harus ditekankan bahwa NT, padang rumput, dan reboisasi adalah pilihan terbaik untuk mencapai penggunaan tanah yang berkelanjutan.