The potential of tourism per se as a poverty-reducing factor is rarely terjemahan - The potential of tourism per se as a poverty-reducing factor is rarely Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The potential of tourism per se as

The potential of tourism per se as a poverty-reducing factor is rarely questioned; the discussion is, rather, about adequate ways of ensuring its long-term economic viability and its social and environmental sustainability. Suggestions include, for example, establishing high-priced eco-tourism or providing targeted support to small, medium, and micro-enterprises in southern Africa (Harrison 2001; Baumhackl et al 2006; Rogerson 2007; Saarinen et al 2009; Mitchell and Ashley 2010). Local initiative and bottom-up approaches are often underlined
as crucial to achieving a fair and long-term effect (Zapata et al 2011).
One of the aims of this study was to review the poverty-reducing effects of community-based tourism. This was done based on the livelihoods approach, which was deemed suitable because it puts the focus on securing the daily survival of households and places the different
factors of their standard of living in the foreground (Carney 2002; Lohnert and Steinbrink 2005). The approach starts from the premise that everyday management of a destitute household is based not only on monetary income from a variety of sources but also on various forms of capital, that is, social, human, natural, physical, and financial resources, which household
members use in very complex, efficient, and at the same time dynamic combinations (Bohle 2001). Access to this capital, in turn, depends on parent structures and conditions, which generate inclusion and exclusion processes.
As the present study focuses on the impact of tourism at both the regional and the household levels, application of the livelihoods approach implies connecting the analyses of processes at the macro- and microlevels. At the regional level, we illuminate the effects that tourism
has on the regional economy in general (job creation, regional added value, etc) and on the internal structuring of the tourism sector (corporate structure, development of upstream and downstream sectors, etc). At the community and household level, we analyze to what
extent the GPSC as a community-based tourism organization contributes to community welfare, and to what degree the local population’s integration in the organization ensures and stabilizes households’ livelihoods.
Tourism around Mt Kenya
Since the 1990s, Kenya as a tourist destination has experienced an expansion of mass tourism. In Kenya, unlike its neighboring countries, this is connected with the successful implementation of government policies to promote a diversified offering (Job and Metzler 2003). Although the country was able to reverse the decline in visitor numbers recorded in 2007/2008, and in 2010 even reached its previous record result of nearly 1.5 million tourist arrivals (KNBS 2011), the term ‘‘mass tourism’’ should be used with caution and put into relation: The total number of visitors to Kenya is only slightly higher than the number of foreign tourists visiting a single
Austrian valley known for its ski slopes (such as the Ziller or the Oetz valleys). Nevertheless, tourism accounts for approximately 9% of the Kenyan GDP, and more than 1 million people are (formally or informally) employed in this sector (UNWTO 2006). Despite the diversification of
attractive offers to tourists, demand is still focused on coastal tourism and on game drives in the numerous national parks in savanna areas. With an average of 25,600 visitors annually (1995–2009), Mt Kenya is one of the least visited national parks in Kenya; Nakura National Park, for
example, has 213,800 visitors annually (Kenya Ministry of Tourism 2011). The small number of tourists visiting Mt Kenya shows that mountaineering and hiking constitute only a tiny fraction of Kenya’s tourism (Figure 1).
A socioeconomic profile of the Mt Kenya region
Situated directly at the equator, the region around Mt Kenya is a favored area for agriculture. It has fertile volcanic soils and an adequate water supply from 2 rainy seasons as well as relief precipitation (especially in the eastern and southern part) and, to a lesser extent, glacier melting. The landscape is smooth, and the temperatures are mild due to the high altitude. Already in precolonial times, Nilotic (mainly Maasai) and Bantu peoples competed for this land with its exceptionally favorable conditions; and in colonial times the British claimed the northern and western part of the area as ‘‘White Highlands’’ for white immigrants (Morgan 1963). In administrative terms, the Mt Kenya region can easily be delimited. Like the sectors of a pie chart, 8 districts converge at Mt Kenya’s highest peak (Nelion, 5199 m). With the exception of Kyeni East Division in Nyeri North District, all 7 remaining districts are clustered mainly around the volcanic areas of Mt Kenya. The region is inhabited predominantly by Bantu peoples: Kikuyu in the west and northwest, Embu in the south, and Meru in the east and northeast. Even today, some 70% of the more than 1.7 million residents around the volcano make their living from the primary sector, which contributes approximately 80% of households’ income (Kenya Ministry of State for Planning 2008; KNBS 2010).
Although the poverty rate is still over 30% (Table 1), this region of Kenya is economically advantaged and therefore a popular in-migration area. The current high rates of population influx, particularly in the northern and western parts of the Mt Kenya region, have been highlighted in all surveys. On the other hand, at 3.8 the total fertility rate in the region is significantly lower than the national average (5.0). While the Kikuyu still constitute the majority of the region’s population (Sim and Ronald 1979), several experts interviewed already
consider that it has a multiethnic structure. The population of the divisions of Kyeni East and Timau
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Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
Potensi pariwisata per se sebagai faktor mengurangi kemiskinan jarang dipertanyakan.; diskusi ini, sebaliknya, tentang cara-cara yang memadai untuk memastikan kelangsungan hidup ekonomi jangka panjang dan kelestariannya sosial dan lingkungan. Saran mencakup, misalnya, menetapkan harga tinggi Eko-pariwisata atau menyediakan dukungan yang ditargetkan untuk kecil, menengah dan usaha mikro di Afrika Selatan (Harrison 2001; Baumhackl et al 2006; Rogerson 2007; Saarinen et al 2009; Mitchell dan Ashley 2010). Inisiatif lokal dan pendekatan bottom-up sering digarisbawahisebagai penting untuk mencapai efek yang adil dan jangka panjang (Zapata et al 2011). Salah satu tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meninjau efek mengurangi kemiskinan pariwisata berbasis masyarakat. Ini dilakukan berdasarkan pendekatan penghidupan, yang dianggap cocok karena menempatkan fokus pada mengamankan kelangsungan hidup sehari-hari rumah tangga dan tempat yang berbedafaktor mereka standar hidup di latar depan (Carney 2002; Lohnert dan Steinbrink 2005). Pendekatan dimulai dari premis bahwa manajemen sehari-hari rumah tangga miskin didasarkan hanya pada pendapatan moneter dari berbagai sumber, tetapi juga pada berbagai bentuk modal, yaitu sosial, manusia, alam, fisik, dan keuangan sumber daya, rumah tangga yanganggota menggunakan dalam sangat kompleks, efisien, dan kombinasi yang sama waktu dinamis (Bohle 2001). Akses kepada modal ini, pada gilirannya, tergantung pada orangtua struktur dan kondisi, yang menghasilkan penyertaan dan pengecualian proses.Sebagai penelitian ini berfokus pada dampak dari pariwisata regional maupun tingkat rumah tangga, penerapan pendekatan penghidupan yang menyiratkan menghubungkan analisis proses makro - dan microlevels. Di tingkat regional, kami menerangi efek pariwisata yangmemiliki pada perekonomian daerah pada umumnya (penciptaan lapangan kerja, daerah nilai tambah, dll) dan penataan internal sektor pariwisata (struktur korporasi, perkembangan sektor hulu dan hilir, dll). Masyarakat dan rumah tangga, kita menganalisis apasejauh GPSC sebagai organisasi pariwisata berbasis masyarakat memberikan kontribusi untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat, dan untuk apa gelar penduduk setempat integrasi dalam organisasi memastikan dan menstabilkan penghidupan rumah tangga.Pariwisata di sekitar Mt KenyaSejak 1990-an, Kenya sebagai tujuan wisata telah mengalami perluasan pariwisata massal. Di Kenya, tidak seperti negara tetangga, ini terhubung dengan sukses implementasi kebijakan pemerintah untuk mempromosikan menawarkan diversifikasi (pekerjaan dan Metzler 2003). Meskipun negara mampu untuk membalikkan penurunan jumlah pengunjung yang tercatat dalam 2007/2008, dan pada tahun 2010 bahkan mencapai hasilnya rekor sebelumnya dari kedatangan turis hampir 1,5 juta (KNBS 2011), istilah '' pariwisata massal '' harus digunakan dengan hati-hati dan dimasukkan ke dalam hubungan: jumlah pengunjung ke Kenya hanya sedikit lebih tinggi daripada jumlah wisatawan asing yang mengunjungi satuAustria valley yang terkenal lereng ski (seperti Ziller atau lembah Oetz). Namun demikian, pariwisata account untuk sekitar 9% dari PDB Kenya, dan lebih dari 1 juta orang (secara formal maupun informal) bekerja di sektor ini (UNWTO 2006). Meskipun diversifikasimenarik menawarkan wisatawan, permintaan masih berfokus pada wisata pantai dan permainan drive di berbagai taman nasional di daerah Sabana. Dengan rata-rata 25.600 pengunjung per tahunnya (1995-2009), Mt Kenya adalah salah satu Taman Nasional paling dikunjungi di Kenya; Taman Nasional Nakura, untukcontoh, memiliki 213,800 pengunjung per tahunnya (Kenya Kementerian Pariwisata 2011). Jumlah kecil wisatawan mengunjungi Mt Kenya menunjukkan bahwa gunung dan hiking merupakan hanya sebagian kecil dari Kenya pariwisata (gambar 1). Profil sosial ekonomi wilayah Mt KenyaTerletak langsung di khatulistiwa, wilayah di sekitar Mt Kenya adalah area yang disukai untuk pertanian. Hotel ini memiliki tanah vulkanik yang subur dan pasokan air yang memadai dari 2 musim hujan serta bantuan presipitasi (terutama di bagian Timur dan Selatan) dan, pada tingkat yang lebih rendah, gletser mencair. Lanskap halus, dan suhu ringan karena ketinggian tinggi. Sudah di zaman pada zaman sebelum kolonial, Nilotic (terutama Maasai) dan Bantu masyarakat berkompetisi untuk tanah ini dengan kondisi yang sangat menguntungkan; dan pada zaman kolonial Britania mengklaim bagian utara dan Barat dari wilayah sebagai '' putih Highlands'' untuk imigran putih (Morgan 1963). Secara administratif, kawasan Mt Kenya mudah akan dibatasi. Seperti sektor pie chart, wilayah berkumpul di puncak tertinggi Gunung Kenya (Nelion, 5199 m). Dengan pengecualian Divisi Timur Kyeni di distrik North Nyeri, semua sisa 7 kabupaten tersusun terutama di sekitar daerah vulkanik Gunung Kenya. Kawasan ini dihuni didominasi oleh Bantu masyarakat: Kikuyu di Barat dan Barat laut, Embu di Selatan, dan Meru di Timur dan timur laut. Bahkan saat ini, sekitar 70% lebih dari 1,7 juta penduduk di sekitar gunung tersebut membuat mereka hidup dari sektor utama, yang berkontribusi sekitar 80% dari pendapatan rumah tangga (Kenya Kementerian Negara 2008 perencanaan; KNBS 2010).Walaupun tingkat kemiskinan masih lebih dari 30% (Tabel 1), wilayah ini Kenya ekonomis keuntungan dan karenanya area populer migrasi. Saat ini tingkat tinggi masuknya penduduk, terutama di bagian utara dan Barat wilayah Mt Kenya, telah disorot dalam semua survei. Di sisi lain, di 3,8 tingkat kesuburan total di wilayah secara signifikan lebih rendah daripada rata-rata nasional (5.0). Sementara Kikuyu masih merupakan mayoritas penduduk daerah (Sim dan Ronald 1979), beberapa ahli diwawancarai sudahmempertimbangkan bahwa ia memiliki sebuah struktur multietnis. Populasi Divisi Timur Kyeni dan Timau
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
The potential of tourism per se as a poverty-reducing factor is rarely questioned; the discussion is, rather, about adequate ways of ensuring its long-term economic viability and its social and environmental sustainability. Suggestions include, for example, establishing high-priced eco-tourism or providing targeted support to small, medium, and micro-enterprises in southern Africa (Harrison 2001; Baumhackl et al 2006; Rogerson 2007; Saarinen et al 2009; Mitchell and Ashley 2010). Local initiative and bottom-up approaches are often underlined
as crucial to achieving a fair and long-term effect (Zapata et al 2011).
One of the aims of this study was to review the poverty-reducing effects of community-based tourism. This was done based on the livelihoods approach, which was deemed suitable because it puts the focus on securing the daily survival of households and places the different
factors of their standard of living in the foreground (Carney 2002; Lohnert and Steinbrink 2005). The approach starts from the premise that everyday management of a destitute household is based not only on monetary income from a variety of sources but also on various forms of capital, that is, social, human, natural, physical, and financial resources, which household
members use in very complex, efficient, and at the same time dynamic combinations (Bohle 2001). Access to this capital, in turn, depends on parent structures and conditions, which generate inclusion and exclusion processes.
As the present study focuses on the impact of tourism at both the regional and the household levels, application of the livelihoods approach implies connecting the analyses of processes at the macro- and microlevels. At the regional level, we illuminate the effects that tourism
has on the regional economy in general (job creation, regional added value, etc) and on the internal structuring of the tourism sector (corporate structure, development of upstream and downstream sectors, etc). At the community and household level, we analyze to what
extent the GPSC as a community-based tourism organization contributes to community welfare, and to what degree the local population’s integration in the organization ensures and stabilizes households’ livelihoods.
Tourism around Mt Kenya
Since the 1990s, Kenya as a tourist destination has experienced an expansion of mass tourism. In Kenya, unlike its neighboring countries, this is connected with the successful implementation of government policies to promote a diversified offering (Job and Metzler 2003). Although the country was able to reverse the decline in visitor numbers recorded in 2007/2008, and in 2010 even reached its previous record result of nearly 1.5 million tourist arrivals (KNBS 2011), the term ‘‘mass tourism’’ should be used with caution and put into relation: The total number of visitors to Kenya is only slightly higher than the number of foreign tourists visiting a single
Austrian valley known for its ski slopes (such as the Ziller or the Oetz valleys). Nevertheless, tourism accounts for approximately 9% of the Kenyan GDP, and more than 1 million people are (formally or informally) employed in this sector (UNWTO 2006). Despite the diversification of
attractive offers to tourists, demand is still focused on coastal tourism and on game drives in the numerous national parks in savanna areas. With an average of 25,600 visitors annually (1995–2009), Mt Kenya is one of the least visited national parks in Kenya; Nakura National Park, for
example, has 213,800 visitors annually (Kenya Ministry of Tourism 2011). The small number of tourists visiting Mt Kenya shows that mountaineering and hiking constitute only a tiny fraction of Kenya’s tourism (Figure 1).
A socioeconomic profile of the Mt Kenya region
Situated directly at the equator, the region around Mt Kenya is a favored area for agriculture. It has fertile volcanic soils and an adequate water supply from 2 rainy seasons as well as relief precipitation (especially in the eastern and southern part) and, to a lesser extent, glacier melting. The landscape is smooth, and the temperatures are mild due to the high altitude. Already in precolonial times, Nilotic (mainly Maasai) and Bantu peoples competed for this land with its exceptionally favorable conditions; and in colonial times the British claimed the northern and western part of the area as ‘‘White Highlands’’ for white immigrants (Morgan 1963). In administrative terms, the Mt Kenya region can easily be delimited. Like the sectors of a pie chart, 8 districts converge at Mt Kenya’s highest peak (Nelion, 5199 m). With the exception of Kyeni East Division in Nyeri North District, all 7 remaining districts are clustered mainly around the volcanic areas of Mt Kenya. The region is inhabited predominantly by Bantu peoples: Kikuyu in the west and northwest, Embu in the south, and Meru in the east and northeast. Even today, some 70% of the more than 1.7 million residents around the volcano make their living from the primary sector, which contributes approximately 80% of households’ income (Kenya Ministry of State for Planning 2008; KNBS 2010).
Although the poverty rate is still over 30% (Table 1), this region of Kenya is economically advantaged and therefore a popular in-migration area. The current high rates of population influx, particularly in the northern and western parts of the Mt Kenya region, have been highlighted in all surveys. On the other hand, at 3.8 the total fertility rate in the region is significantly lower than the national average (5.0). While the Kikuyu still constitute the majority of the region’s population (Sim and Ronald 1979), several experts interviewed already
consider that it has a multiethnic structure. The population of the divisions of Kyeni East and Timau
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