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Some language differences represent

Some language differences represent diverse dialects, or specialized variation of a language. Cultural and social differences and geographic locality influence the development of a dialect. Dialects develop in settings where a group of people communicate within their group more frequently and for a longer period of time than they do with outside groups. As a result of this geographic or social isolation, a specialized form of language develops that is unique to that context or cultural setting. For example, adolescent peer groups often develop their own dialects.
Characteristics of dialects. All dialects and languages are characterized by distinct systematic features with respect to the five aspects of language knowledge: phonetic, semantic, syntactic, morphemic, and pragmatic (Crystal, 1987; Freeman & Freeman, 2004; O’Grady, Archibald, Aronoff, & Rees-Miller, 2005). According to Labov (1995), nonstandard English dialects “show slightly different versions of the same rules [as standard English], extending and modifying the grammatical processes which are common to all dialects of English” (p.54).
In the United States, regional dialects and social dialects are present. People speaking a southern dialect are distinguishable from people speaking a Bostonian or New York dialect; however, people speaking different dialects of the same language generally can comprehend each other’s speech. There are considerable variations among geographic regions and cultural groups with respect to dialect use. Even though a region or a cultural group may be characterized by a commonly used dialect, it is inappropriate to automatically assume that any speaker of that region or that cultural group will use that dialect.
When dialect of the same language are represented in writing, there may be differences in spelling, grammatical structures, and punctuation which will signal the use of the dialect. Sometimes a dialect is used in literature to represent the speech of a particular regional or social-cultural group. Dialect of the same language base are generally understandable by all speakers of the base language; however, communication between speakers of different dialects may be more effortful since the dialects may differ in one or more of the aspects of language, including semantics (vocabulary), syntax (grammar), morphemes (word structure), pragmatics (intent/context of language), or phonetics (sound-symbol relations).
For example, phonetic differences are heard in the way words are articulated. For example, the word creek may be pronounced with an extended e sound (“creek,” as in beet) or with the short i sound (as in pick), as “crick.” Semantic differences occur when different labels are used to refer to the same object or action. In some locales, a drinking fountain is referred to as a bubbler. Syntactic differences involve differences are found in the way sentences are structured. For example, “I don’t got no time to help” and “I have no time to help” reflect syntactic differences. Morphemic differences are found in the way verb endings or other inflectional endings are used, such as gonna or goin’ compared with going to and going. When people are communicating in different dialects, these differences may result in communication that requires more negotiation or clarification.
Pidgin languages. In some areas of the United States, regional dialects have linguistic aspects that came from pidgin languages. A pidgin is a language that developed in response to the interaction of two groups of people who did not initially share a language (Crystal, 1987). During the time of exploration, colonialization, and settlement of North America, pidgin languages developed between the natives and the explorers, traders, or settlers. For example, in the 1800s a pidgin language developed in Hawaii between the English-speaking explorers, settlers, and missionaries and native Hawaiians (Ogata, Sheehey, &Noonan, 2006).

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Beberapa perbedaan bahasa mewakili beragam dialek atau variasi bahasa khusus. Perbedaan budaya dan sosial dan wilayah geografis mempengaruhi perkembangan dialek. Dialek mengembangkan pengaturan mana sekelompok orang berkomunikasi dalam kelompok mereka lebih sering dan untuk jangka waktu yang lebih lama daripada yang mereka lakukan dengan kelompok-kelompok di luar. Sebagai akibat dari isolasi ini geografis atau sosial, khusus bentuk bahasa berkembang yang unik konteks atau latar budaya. Misalnya, kelompok-kelompok remaja rekan sering mengembangkan dialek mereka sendiri. Karakteristik dialek. Semua dialek dan bahasa yang ditandai dengan fitur sistematis terhadap lima aspek pengetahuan bahasa: fonetik, semantik, sintaksis, morphemic, dan pragmatis (kristal, 1987; Freeman & Freeman, 2004; O'Grady, Archibald, Aronoff, & Rees-Miller, 2005). Menurut Labov (1995), dialek-dialek bahasa yang tidak standar "Tampilkan versi yang sedikit berbeda dari aturan yang sama [sebagai standar Inggris], memperluas dan memodifikasi proses tata bahasa yang umum untuk semua dialek bahasa Inggris" (Hai.54).Di Amerika Serikat, dialek regional dan dialek sosial yang hadir. Orang-orang yang berbicara dialek Selatan dibedakan dari orang-orang yang berbicara dialek Bostonian atau New York; Namun, orang-orang yang berbicara dialek-dialek yang berbeda dari bahasa yang sama umumnya dapat memahami masing-masing. Ada banyak variasi antara wilayah geografis dan budaya kelompok sehubungan dengan dialek menggunakan. Meskipun wilayah atau kelompok budaya dapat ditandai dengan dialek umum digunakan, itu tidak pantas untuk secara otomatis mengasumsikan bahwa setiap pembicara wilayah atau kelompok budaya yang akan menggunakan dialek tersebut. Ketika dialek bahasa yang sama terwakili secara tertulis, mungkin ada perbedaan dalam ejaan, struktur tata bahasa dan tanda baca yang akan sinyal penggunaan dialek. Kadang-kadang dialek yang digunakan dalam literatur untuk mewakili pidato kelompok regional atau sosial-budaya tertentu. Dialek dasar bahasa sama umumnya dipahami oleh semua pembicara bahasa dasar; Namun, komunikasi antara penutur dialek yang berbeda mungkin lebih effortful karena dialek mungkin berbeda dalam satu atau lebih aspek-aspek bahasa, termasuk semantik (Kosakata), sintaks (tata bahasa), morphemes (kata struktur), Pragmatika (maksud/konteks bahasa), atau fonetik (suara-simbol hubungan). Misalnya, perbedaan fonetik yang didengar dengan cara kata-kata yang diartikulasikan. Sebagai contoh, kata Sungai mungkin diucapkan dengan suara diperpanjang e ("sungai," dalam bit) atau pendek aku terdengar (seperti dalam memilih), sebagai "crick." Semantik perbedaan terjadi ketika label yang berbeda yang digunakan untuk merujuk kepada objek yang sama atau tindakan. Dalam beberapa locales, air mancur minum dirujuk sebagai bubbler. Perbedaan sintaksis melibatkan perbedaan ditemukan di jalan kalimat yang terstruktur. Misalnya, "Aku tidak punya waktu untuk membantu" dan "Saya tidak punya waktu untuk membantu" mencerminkan perbedaan-perbedaan sintaksis. Perbedaan morphemic dapat ditemukan di ujung kata cara atau lain inflectional akhiran yang digunakan, seperti akan atau pergi dibandingkan dengan akan dan akan. Ketika orang berkomunikasi dalam dialek yang berbeda, perbedaan-perbedaan ini dapat mengakibatkan komunikasi yang memerlukan lebih banyak negosiasi atau klarifikasi.Bahasa Pidgin. Di beberapa daerah di Amerika Serikat, dialek regional memiliki aspek linguistik yang berasal dari bahasa pidgin. Pidgin adalah bahasa yang dikembangkan sebagai respons terhadap interaksi dua kelompok orang yang awalnya tidak berbagi bahasa (kristal, 1987). Selama eksplorasi, colonialization dan penyelesaian Amerika Utara, bahasa pidgin dikembangkan antara penduduk asli dan penjelajah, pedagang, atau pemukim. Sebagai contoh, di tahun 1800-an bahasa pidgin dikembangkan di Hawaii antara penjelajah berbahasa Inggris, pemukim, dan misionaris dan pribumi Hawaii (Ogata, Sheehey, & Noonan, 2006).
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Some language differences represent diverse dialects, or specialized variation of a language. Cultural and social differences and geographic locality influence the development of a dialect. Dialects develop in settings where a group of people communicate within their group more frequently and for a longer period of time than they do with outside groups. As a result of this geographic or social isolation, a specialized form of language develops that is unique to that context or cultural setting. For example, adolescent peer groups often develop their own dialects.
Characteristics of dialects. All dialects and languages are characterized by distinct systematic features with respect to the five aspects of language knowledge: phonetic, semantic, syntactic, morphemic, and pragmatic (Crystal, 1987; Freeman & Freeman, 2004; O’Grady, Archibald, Aronoff, & Rees-Miller, 2005). According to Labov (1995), nonstandard English dialects “show slightly different versions of the same rules [as standard English], extending and modifying the grammatical processes which are common to all dialects of English” (p.54).
In the United States, regional dialects and social dialects are present. People speaking a southern dialect are distinguishable from people speaking a Bostonian or New York dialect; however, people speaking different dialects of the same language generally can comprehend each other’s speech. There are considerable variations among geographic regions and cultural groups with respect to dialect use. Even though a region or a cultural group may be characterized by a commonly used dialect, it is inappropriate to automatically assume that any speaker of that region or that cultural group will use that dialect.
When dialect of the same language are represented in writing, there may be differences in spelling, grammatical structures, and punctuation which will signal the use of the dialect. Sometimes a dialect is used in literature to represent the speech of a particular regional or social-cultural group. Dialect of the same language base are generally understandable by all speakers of the base language; however, communication between speakers of different dialects may be more effortful since the dialects may differ in one or more of the aspects of language, including semantics (vocabulary), syntax (grammar), morphemes (word structure), pragmatics (intent/context of language), or phonetics (sound-symbol relations).
For example, phonetic differences are heard in the way words are articulated. For example, the word creek may be pronounced with an extended e sound (“creek,” as in beet) or with the short i sound (as in pick), as “crick.” Semantic differences occur when different labels are used to refer to the same object or action. In some locales, a drinking fountain is referred to as a bubbler. Syntactic differences involve differences are found in the way sentences are structured. For example, “I don’t got no time to help” and “I have no time to help” reflect syntactic differences. Morphemic differences are found in the way verb endings or other inflectional endings are used, such as gonna or goin’ compared with going to and going. When people are communicating in different dialects, these differences may result in communication that requires more negotiation or clarification.
Pidgin languages. In some areas of the United States, regional dialects have linguistic aspects that came from pidgin languages. A pidgin is a language that developed in response to the interaction of two groups of people who did not initially share a language (Crystal, 1987). During the time of exploration, colonialization, and settlement of North America, pidgin languages developed between the natives and the explorers, traders, or settlers. For example, in the 1800s a pidgin language developed in Hawaii between the English-speaking explorers, settlers, and missionaries and native Hawaiians (Ogata, Sheehey, &Noonan, 2006).

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