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Chapter 1The First Task of the Philosophyof Nature—The Problem of Elementarityhttp://id4.ilovetranslation.com/European philosophy began with a philosophy of nature. At the turn of the sixth centuries BC, on the Ionian coast of Asia Minor, and then in Magna Graecia and Sicily, some dozen or so thinkers dared to try to understand the world using only their own powers, without recourse to religious beliefs. The attempt exceeded all expectations: not with respect to success in understanding, but with respect to a certain kind of chain reaction that could not be stopped. Thus began one of the greatest of human adventures—the process of coming to understand the world by means of thought and experience.The Greeks preserved their fascination with the order and harmony reigning in nature by extending the word cosmos1 to mean the whole universe. Unusual har- mony can also be found in the structure of living organisms. So, there is nothing surprising in the fact that the Greeks felt the world to be rather an organism than any- thing else. One should then explain the “functioning of the world” in the same way that one explains the functioning of organisms. It is no coincidence that philosophers of nature have sometimes been called physiologists.The desire to decompose a functioning whole into its simplest parts is almost a reflex. We will understand the mode of action when we find out what is “at the bottom.” That is how the physiologists responded. “The property of being most ele- mentary of all would seem to belong to the first thing from which they are produced by combination.”2 Shortly afterwards, the technical term arche arose in place of the phrase “most elementary.” In ordinary language, that term meant a beginning in the temporal sense (e.g., the beginning of the day); in philosophy it acquired the meaning of principle or material, but the most basic.The first physiologists’ answers to the question of arche were based on the naïve generalization of simple observations: heat, water and air are necessary for life, so the principle of nature is fire (Heraclitus of Ephesus), water (Thales of Miletus) or air (Anaximenes). But the Greeks very quickly made the transition from “crude observations” to attempts to capture the unobservable factor which1 Initially, the Greek word “cosmos” meant “beautiful, ornate” (compare the English cosmetics).2 Aristotle, Metaphysics I.8, 988b, trans. W. D. Ross, in Richard McKeon, ed., The Basic Works ofAristotle (New York: Random House, 1941).
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