Some authors also distinguish: operating strategy and industry strateg terjemahan - Some authors also distinguish: operating strategy and industry strateg Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Some authors also distinguish: oper

Some authors also distinguish: operating strategy and industry strategy. For example, Thompson and Strickland explain that,
"operating strategy refers to the even narrower and more detailed approaches and moves devised by departmental-subunit managers and geographic-unit managers to achieve the strategy-supporting performance objectives established in their areas of responsibility"
At the industry (or government) policy level, the strategic concern revolve around issues such as: incentives for investment, import and export trade barriers,duties and quotes, the balance between imports and exports, inflation, health and safe standards, employments, and so forth.
Making Strategic Decisions
The making of strategic decisions is a function and responsibility of managers at all levels. However, the strategic management responsibilities of managers at lower levels vary depending on the nature and size of the organization and their position in the organizational hierarchy.
The strategy-making task tends to be divided up among managers at different levels in the organizational hierarchy .
The key point is that, while there needs to be a strategic game plan at each managerial level to achieve the objectives set at that level, there are also vertical linkages in both objectives and strategy that can serve to unify the objective-setting and strategy-making activities of many managers into a coherent, coordinated pattern.
Identifying A Strategy
The purpose of identifying and articulating the current strategy of an organization as the first step in strategic analysis is threefold:
1. To provide an understanding of how the organization reached its present status and current level of performance.
2. To provide the first alternative for any set of strategic alternatives.
3. To communicate with other strategists to come to a common understanding of the situation.
Identification of strategy involves of investigative work and analysis.
An organization which has no explicit strategy is relatively easy to identify. The probabilities of long-term success are greatly reduced without a consciously developed strategy.
However, strategy may exist even when it is not formally developed and explicitly communicated. If the strategy has been developed but no written, it becomes necessary to look for evidence of strategy rather than for a strategy statement. In this situation, a formally developed, written strategy makes identification simply a process of locating the statement of strategy or an individual who can divulge it.
Strategy Analysis And Choice
The first step in evaluating and choosing a strategy is to review the results of the strategic situation assessment consisting of an analysis of the general, industry, and internal environments, in terms of factors critical to the success of the business.
George Steiner stated that three types of data are required to perform a situation audit: identifying threats, strengths, and weaknesses.
1. Past performance of the firm.
2. Data about the current situation, including:
o Analysis of customers and markets.
o Resources of the company.
o Competition.
o Environmental setting.
o Other performance measures or areas of interest.
3. Forecasts of the future.
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Some authors also distinguish: operating strategy and industry strategy. For example, Thompson and Strickland explain that,"operating strategy refers to the even narrower and more detailed approaches and moves devised by departmental-subunit managers and geographic-unit managers to achieve the strategy-supporting performance objectives established in their areas of responsibility"At the industry (or government) policy level, the strategic concern revolve around issues such as: incentives for investment, import and export trade barriers,duties and quotes, the balance between imports and exports, inflation, health and safe standards, employments, and so forth.Making Strategic DecisionsThe making of strategic decisions is a function and responsibility of managers at all levels. However, the strategic management responsibilities of managers at lower levels vary depending on the nature and size of the organization and their position in the organizational hierarchy.The strategy-making task tends to be divided up among managers at different levels in the organizational hierarchy .The key point is that, while there needs to be a strategic game plan at each managerial level to achieve the objectives set at that level, there are also vertical linkages in both objectives and strategy that can serve to unify the objective-setting and strategy-making activities of many managers into a coherent, coordinated pattern.Identifying A StrategyThe purpose of identifying and articulating the current strategy of an organization as the first step in strategic analysis is threefold:1. To provide an understanding of how the organization reached its present status and current level of performance.2. To provide the first alternative for any set of strategic alternatives.3. To communicate with other strategists to come to a common understanding of the situation.Identification of strategy involves of investigative work and analysis.An organization which has no explicit strategy is relatively easy to identify. The probabilities of long-term success are greatly reduced without a consciously developed strategy.However, strategy may exist even when it is not formally developed and explicitly communicated. If the strategy has been developed but no written, it becomes necessary to look for evidence of strategy rather than for a strategy statement. In this situation, a formally developed, written strategy makes identification simply a process of locating the statement of strategy or an individual who can divulge it.Strategy Analysis And ChoiceThe first step in evaluating and choosing a strategy is to review the results of the strategic situation assessment consisting of an analysis of the general, industry, and internal environments, in terms of factors critical to the success of the business.George Steiner stated that three types of data are required to perform a situation audit: identifying threats, strengths, and weaknesses.1. Past performance of the firm.2. Data about the current situation, including: o Analysis of customers and markets.o Resources of the company.o Competition.o Environmental setting.o Other performance measures or areas of interest.3. Forecasts of the future.
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Beberapa penulis juga membedakan: strategi operasi dan strategi industri. Misalnya, Thompson dan Strickland menjelaskan bahwa,
"strategi operasi mengacu pada pendekatan bahkan lebih sempit dan lebih rinci dan bergerak yang dibuat oleh manajer departemen-subunit dan manajer geografis unit untuk mencapai tujuan kinerja strategi-mendukung didirikan di daerah mereka tanggung jawab"
Pada tingkat kebijakan industri (atau pemerintah), perhatian strategis berputar di sekitar isu-isu seperti: insentif untuk investasi, hambatan perdagangan impor dan ekspor, tugas dan kutipan, keseimbangan antara impor dan ekspor, inflasi, kesehatan dan standar aman, employments, dan sebagainya sebagainya.
Membuat Keputusan Strategis
Pembuatan keputusan strategis adalah fungsi dan tanggung jawab manajer di semua tingkatan. Namun, tanggung jawab manajemen strategis dari manajer di tingkat bawah bervariasi tergantung pada sifat dan ukuran organisasi dan posisi mereka dalam hirarki organisasi.
Tugas membuat strategi-cenderung dibagi antara manajer pada tingkat yang berbeda dalam hirarki organisasi.
The titik kunci adalah bahwa, sementara perlu ada rencana permainan strategis pada setiap tingkat manajerial untuk mencapai tujuan yang ditetapkan pada tingkat itu, ada juga hubungan vertikal di kedua tujuan dan strategi yang dapat berfungsi untuk menyatukan tujuan-pengaturan dan strategi pembuatan . kegiatan banyak manajer menjadi koheren, terkoordinasi pola
Mengidentifikasi Strategi
Tujuan dari mengidentifikasi dan mengartikulasikan strategi saat suatu organisasi sebagai langkah pertama dalam analisis strategis adalah tiga:
1. Untuk memberikan pemahaman tentang bagaimana organisasi mencapai status sekarang dan tingkat saat ini kinerja.
2. Untuk memberikan alternatif pertama untuk setiap set alternatif strategis.
3. Untuk berkomunikasi dengan strategi lain untuk datang ke pemahaman umum dari situasi.
Identifikasi strategi melibatkan pekerjaan investigasi dan analisis.
Sebuah organisasi yang tidak memiliki strategi eksplisit relatif mudah untuk mengidentifikasi. Probabilitas keberhasilan jangka panjang yang sangat berkurang tanpa strategi sadar dikembangkan.
Namun, strategi mungkin ada bahkan ketika itu tidak secara resmi dikembangkan dan secara eksplisit dikomunikasikan. Jika strategi telah dikembangkan tetapi tidak tertulis, menjadi perlu untuk mencari bukti strategi bukan untuk pernyataan strategi. Dalam situasi ini, secara resmi dikembangkan, strategi yang ditulis membuat identifikasi hanya proses menemukan pernyataan strategi atau individu yang dapat membocorkan hal itu.
Strategi Analisis Dan Penghargaan
Langkah pertama dalam mengevaluasi dan memilih strategi adalah untuk meninjau hasil strategis penilaian situasi yang terdiri dari analisis umum, industri, dan lingkungan internal, dalam hal faktor penting untuk keberhasilan bisnis.
George Steiner menyatakan bahwa tiga jenis data yang diperlukan untuk melakukan audit situasi: ancaman mengidentifikasi, kekuatan, dan kelemahan.
1. Kinerja masa lalu perusahaan.
2. Data tentang situasi saat ini,
termasuk:. O Analisis pelanggan dan pasar
o Sumber dari perusahaan.
Kompetisi o.
O pengaturan lingkungan.
O langkah-langkah atau bidang minat kinerja lainnya.
3. Perkiraan masa depan.
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