between shareholder rights and dividend policy. The‘‘outcome hypothesi terjemahan - between shareholder rights and dividend policy. The‘‘outcome hypothesi Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

between shareholder rights and divi

between shareholder rights and dividend policy. The
‘‘outcome hypothesis’’ predicts that stronger rights will
empower minority shareholders to obtain higher dividend
payouts, and the ‘‘substitute hypothesis’’ predicts that
weaker rights will lead to higher dividend payouts as
managers use dividend payouts as a substitute for weak
investor protection. They find that the outcome hypoth-
esis explains the empirical linkages between the agency
costs of equity, minority shareholder rights, and observed
dividend payouts. In a parallel manner, we posit that the
substitute hypothesis will explain the connections be-
tween the agency costs of debt, creditor rights, and
observed dividend payouts. Restrictive dividend policies
substitute for weak creditor rights; that is, weak (strong)
creditor rights diminish (enhance) the manager’s ability to
pay out dividends, all else equal.
1
In addition to confirm-
ing the agency costs of debt version of the substitute
hypothesis, our results also show that the agency costs of
debt play a more pervasive role in dividend policies
around the world than the agency costs of equity.
There is considerable variation in creditor rights across
countries with similar legal origins and shareholder
rights.
2
For example, the US, UK, Canada, and Australia
are all common law countries that tend to rank towards
the top of the shareholder rights index. However, while
the UK and Australia also rank towards the top of the
creditor rights index, the US and Canada rank towards the
bottom. The resulting contrast in country-level dividend
policies is instructive. The typical UK and Australian firm
is 87% more likely to be a dividend-paying firm than its US
and Canadian counterpart. Similarly, the typical UK and
Australian firm pays out almost 2.80 times more divi-
dends (as a percent of sales) than its US and Canadian
counterpart. Weak creditor rights lead to lower dividend
payouts even after controlling for shareholder rights. We
confirm this same pattern in subsequent tests using cross-
sectional regressions, a much larger sample, and multiple
control variables.
In their survey article,
Denis and McConnell (2003)
identify
La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer, and Vishny
(1998)
study as the beginning of a new generation of
research in international corporate governance. Numerous
subsequent studies have examined the economic con-
sequences of a firm’s legal and institutional setting.
Country-level shareholder rights have been linked to
corporate investment policies (
Love, 2003
); capital market
development (
La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer, and
Vishny1997
;
Morck, Yeung, and Yu, 2000
;
Wurgler, 2000
);
ownership structure (
La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer,
and Vishny, 1998, 1999
;
Claessens, Djankov, and Lang,
2000
); expropriation (
Johnson, La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes,
and Shleifer, 2000
); corporate valuations (
La Porta, Lope
0/5000
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Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
between shareholder rights and dividend policy. The‘‘outcome hypothesis’’ predicts that stronger rights willempower minority shareholders to obtain higher dividendpayouts, and the ‘‘substitute hypothesis’’ predicts thatweaker rights will lead to higher dividend payouts asmanagers use dividend payouts as a substitute for weakinvestor protection. They find that the outcome hypoth-esis explains the empirical linkages between the agencycosts of equity, minority shareholder rights, and observeddividend payouts. In a parallel manner, we posit that thesubstitute hypothesis will explain the connections be-tween the agency costs of debt, creditor rights, andobserved dividend payouts. Restrictive dividend policiessubstitute for weak creditor rights; that is, weak (strong)creditor rights diminish (enhance) the manager’s ability topay out dividends, all else equal.1In addition to confirm-ing the agency costs of debt version of the substitutehypothesis, our results also show that the agency costs ofdebt play a more pervasive role in dividend policiesaround the world than the agency costs of equity.There is considerable variation in creditor rights acrosscountries with similar legal origins and shareholderrights.2For example, the US, UK, Canada, and Australiaare all common law countries that tend to rank towardsthe top of the shareholder rights index. However, whilethe UK and Australia also rank towards the top of thecreditor rights index, the US and Canada rank towards thebottom. The resulting contrast in country-level dividendpolicies is instructive. The typical UK and Australian firmis 87% more likely to be a dividend-paying firm than its USand Canadian counterpart. Similarly, the typical UK andAustralian firm pays out almost 2.80 times more divi-dends (as a percent of sales) than its US and Canadiancounterpart. Weak creditor rights lead to lower dividendpayouts even after controlling for shareholder rights. Weconfirm this same pattern in subsequent tests using cross-sectional regressions, a much larger sample, and multiplecontrol variables.In their survey article,Denis and McConnell (2003)identifyLa Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer, and Vishny(1998)study as the beginning of a new generation ofresearch in international corporate governance. Numeroussubsequent studies have examined the economic con-sequences of a firm’s legal and institutional setting.Country-level shareholder rights have been linked tocorporate investment policies (Love, 2003); capital marketdevelopment (La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer, andVishny1997;Morck, Yeung, and Yu, 2000;Wurgler, 2000);ownership structure (La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer,and Vishny, 1998, 1999;Claessens, Djankov, and Lang,2000); expropriation (Johnson, La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes,and Shleifer, 2000); corporate valuations (La Porta, Lope
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
antara hak pemegang saham dan kebijakan dividen. The
'' Hasil hipotesis '' memprediksi bahwa hak kuat akan
memberdayakan pemegang saham minoritas untuk mendapatkan dividen yang lebih tinggi
pembayaran, dan '' hipotesis pengganti '' memprediksi bahwa
hak lemah akan menyebabkan pembayaran dividen yang lebih tinggi sebagai
manajer menggunakan pembayaran dividen sebagai pengganti lemah
investor perlindungan. Mereka menemukan bahwa hasil hypoth-
esis menjelaskan keterkaitan empiris antara lembaga
biaya ekuitas, hak pemegang saham minoritas, dan mengamati
pembayaran dividen. Secara paralel, kita mengandaikan bahwa
hipotesis pengganti akan menjelaskan koneksi menjadi-
tween biaya agensi dari utang, hak kreditur, dan
mengamati pembayaran dividen. Membatasi kebijakan dividen
pengganti hak kreditur lemah; yaitu, lemah (kuat)
hak kreditur mengurangi (meningkatkan) kemampuan manajer untuk
membayar dividen, semuanya sama.
1
Selain confirm-
ing biaya agensi dari versi utang pengganti
hipotesis, hasil kami juga menunjukkan bahwa badan tersebut biaya
utang memainkan peran yang lebih luas dalam kebijakan dividen
di seluruh dunia daripada biaya agen dari ekuitas.
Ada variasi yang cukup besar dalam hak-hak kreditur di
negara-negara dengan asal-usul hukum yang sama dan pemegang saham
hak.
2
Sebagai contoh, Amerika Serikat, Inggris, Kanada, dan Australia
adalah semua hukum umum negara yang cenderung peringkat ke
puncak indeks hak pemegang saham. Namun, sementara
Inggris dan Australia juga peringkat ke arah atas dari
indeks hak kreditur, AS dan Kanada peringkat ke arah
bawah. Kontras menghasilkan dividen tingkat negara
kebijakan adalah instruktif. Perusahaan khas Inggris dan Australia
adalah 87% lebih mungkin untuk menjadi perusahaan dividen membayar dibandingkan US
dan rekan Kanada. Demikian pula, khas Inggris dan
perusahaan Australia membayar keluar hampir 2,80 kali lebih divi-
dends (sebagai persen dari penjualan) dibandingkan AS dan Kanada
rekan. Hak kreditur lemah menyebabkan menurunkan dividen
pembayaran bahkan setelah mengendalikan hak pemegang saham. Kami
mengkonfirmasi pola yang sama ini dalam tes berikutnya menggunakan lintas
regresi sectional, sampel yang lebih besar, dan beberapa
variabel kontrol.
Pada artikel survei mereka,
Denis dan McConnell (2003)
mengidentifikasi
La Porta, Lopez-de-silane, Shleifer, dan Vishny
( 1998)
studi sebagai awal dari generasi baru
penelitian dalam tata kelola perusahaan internasional. Sejumlah
penelitian selanjutnya telah meneliti con ekonomi
urutan pengaturan hukum dan kelembagaan perusahaan.
Hak pemegang saham Negara-tingkat telah dikaitkan dengan
kebijakan investasi perusahaan
(Love,
2003); pasar modal
pengembangan
(La Porta, Lopez-de-silane, Shleifer, dan Vishny1997; Morck, Yeung, dan Yu, 2000; Wurgler 2000); struktur kepemilikan (La Porta, Lopez-de-silane, Shleifer, dan Vishny, 1998 1999; Claessens, Djankov, dan Lang, 2000); pengambilalihan (Johnson, La Porta, Lopez-de-silane, dan Shleifer 2000); valuasi perusahaan (La Porta, Lope
















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