Physiological and metabolic adaptat

Physiological and metabolic adaptations to hypoxia are the
initial organismic responses (Grieshaber et al., 1994; Hager-
man, 1998), and mortality the endpoint (Vaquer-Sunyer and
Duarte, 2008; Riedel et al., 2012). Exposure to oxygen
concentrations far above the lethal threshold already ad-
versely affects growth, reproduction, locomotion and feed-
ing (e.g. summarised in Gray et al., 2002; Wu, 2002; Levin
et al., 2009). Importantly, basic behavioural activities are the
link between individual responses and population changes
(Boyd et al., 2002). Intraspecifically, for example, hypoxia
affects mate choice or courtship behaviours in fish, impacting
reproduction and development (Wu, 2009). Change in one
behaviour may influence the outcome of others, for exam-
ple altered locomotion can affect reproduction and/or food
finding behaviour (Boyd et al, 2002). Interspecifically, shifts
in locomotion – migration to a new region, shallower burial
depths or exposure atop elevated substrates – may change
predator–prey relationships (Pihl et al., 1992; Riedel et al.,
2008a; Long and Seitz, 2008). Behavioural parameters thus
integrate direct and indirect responses across several levels
of biological organisation, from individual fitness to com-
munity composition, reflecting cascading changes in biodi-
versity, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem function
(e.g. Solan et al., 2004; Middelburg and Levin, 2009; Ekau
et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2010)

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Fisiologis dan metabolik adaptasi untuk hipoksia adalahTanggapan organismic awal (Grieshaber et al., 1994; Hager-manusia, 1998), dan mortalitas akhir (Vaquer-Sunyer danDuarte, 2008; Riedel et al., 2012). Paparan oksigenkonsentrasi jauh di atas ambang batas mematikan sudah ad -versely mempengaruhi pertumbuhan, reproduksi, penggerak dan pakan-ing (misalnya dirangkum dalam abu-abu et al., 2002; Wu, 2002; Levinet al., 2009). Penting, dasar perilaku kegiatan yanglink antara individu tanggapan dan perubahan populasi(Boyd et al., 2002). Intraspecifically, misalnya, hipoksiamempengaruhi pasangan pilihan atau pacaran perilaku ikan, berdampakreproduksi dan pengembangan (Wu, 2009). Perubahan dalam satuperilaku yang mungkin mempengaruhi hasil orang lain, misalnyaPLE berubah penggerak dapat mempengaruhi reproduksi dan/atau makananmenemukan perilaku (Boyd et al, 2002). Interspecifically, bergeserdi penggerak-migrasi ke wilayah baru, dangkal penguburankedalaman atau paparan di atas substrat yang ditinggikan-dapat berubahpemangsa-mangsa hubungan (Pihl et al., 1992; Riedel et al.,2008a; Panjang dan Seitz, 2008). Perilaku parameter sehinggamengintegrasikan tanggapan langsung dan tidak langsung di beberapa tingkatanorganisasi biologis, dari individu kebugaran com-Komposisi suco, mencerminkan perubahan cascading biodi-Kelautan dari University, proses biogeochemical dan fungsi ekosistem(misalnya Solan et al., 2004; Middelburg dan Levin, 2009; Ekauet al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2010)