Thomas Bernet and Walter AmorosFarmers in the high Andes of Bolivia, E terjemahan - Thomas Bernet and Walter AmorosFarmers in the high Andes of Bolivia, E Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Thomas Bernet and Walter AmorosFarm

Thomas Bernet and Walter Amoros
Farmers in the high Andes of Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru
traditionally grow hundreds of different varieties of potatoes.
Selected over centuries for their taste, texture, shape and colour,
these potato varieties are very well adapted to the harsh
conditions that prevail in the high Andes, at altitudes ranging
from 3500 to 4200 metres. Farmers generally produce these
native varieties with minimal or no use of agrochemicals.

Despite the nutritional benefit of these varieties and their
resistance to drought and frost, as well as pests and diseases
such as potato blight, the production has decreased in the last
decades. Farmers are increasingly shifting towards conventional
yellow potato varieties that are known by the consumers and that
can more easily be sold on the market.
This scenario endangers the continued production of the native
potato varieties traditionally grown for subsistence in different
parts of the Andes. To reverse this trend, the International Potato
Center (CIP) in Peru has started to look for new ways to make use
of these varieties in order to keep them in farmers’ fields and
preserve the rich biodiversity and cultural heritage they represent.
Consumer-focused lab research
Knowing that there is an increased interest in exotic, tasty and
natural products, CIP scientists began experimenting with making potato chips out of native potatoes. They discovered that
many varieties were delicious and, because of their high dry
matter content, absorbed much less oil than typical potato chips
during frying. They started to screen around 350 yellow, red and
purple-fleshed potato varieties found in CIP’s gene banks,
which counts almost 4000 varieties. Thirty varieties were
selected for their good frying qualities and attractive shapes and
colours. These varieties are also interesting from a nutritional
perspective: yellow varieties contain high levels of Vitamin C
whereas red or purple potatoes hold high levels of antioxidants
that have a protective function in the human body. Since
the potato chips are made of unpeeled potatoes, consumers
will ingest the minerals, vitamins, and fibre present in the
potato skin.

Marketing Approach to Conserve Agricultural Biodiversity
Having achieved good results with this initial work, CIP faced a
difficult question: how should it proceed in bringing these native
coloured potato chips to the market, benefiting both farmers and
consumers?
CIP started to think of a feasible strategy to engage as a nonprofit
institution in this venture. After a thorough reflection on
how to link potato chips with the market, the Marketing
Approach to Conserve Agricultural Biodiversity (MACAB)
concept was developed. This is a new research and development
approach aiming at helping to conserve biodiversity by using a
market-oriented focus. MACAB defines a number of steps to be
followed, from the discovery of interesting crop attributes to
the development of an elaborated and tested marketing concept
and the selection of a company that best represents farmers’
interests as well as biodiversity conservation (See Reference for
a downloadable version of the MACAB approach).
Development of a market concept
Following the guidelines of the MACAB approach, CIP hired a
consultant to help identify the most interesting market segments
for this potential product and elaborate a sound marketing
concept. It was his task to identify to whom these native
coloured potato chips should be sold, why and how. He obtained
most answers to these questions from potential consumers who
were involved in the process of developing the marketing
concept (see Box).
As a first step, the chips were presented at an international
cooking fair, where 72 personal in-depth interviews with
consumers helped to evaluate which product elements are
perceived as most valuable. The consumers mostly valued the
product’s exclusiveness and the fact that the product is healthier
and more “natural” than conventional chips. The fact that the
product benefits small producers and helps with biodiversity
conservation was considered less important.
As a result, a rather exclusive marketing concept was developed
with emphasis on “natural & healthy”. The brand name “Jalca
Chips” – Jalca being the agro-ecological zone where these
coloured native potatoes are grown organically and under harsh
natural conditions – backed up the positioning of the product.
A prototype package was developed, mentioning the social
benefits generated by the product on the back, as this had proven
to be less important to potential consumers. This package was
then tested in a five star hotel, where customers were confronted
with a “real” product. Their comments were used to improve the
final product package.

How do farmers benefit?
To launch the product on the market, CIP involved a
collaborating private company in processing the first 600
kilograms of native potatoes harvested in Aymara, a farmer
community in the Department of Huancavelica that collaborates
with CIP in conserving native potato varieties. Lima Airport’s
Duty Free section was chosen to be the first market segment,
providing an excellent exhibition opportunity for this product
and generating an optimal image for native potatoes at an
international level. There is much hope that under these
circumstances Jalca Chips will enhance the interest in native
potatoes in general and provoke new marketing opportunities
that will allow small-scale farmers to benefit from future
expansion of native potato production.
At the same time, CIP has been looking for ways to directly
benefit farmers with a percentage of each package sold. It is
planned that ten percent of the retail price of each package of
Jalca Chips sold will go to the Native Potato Project, which
carries out activities that help small-scale farmers use and
conserve their native potato varieties. This project could then
become an interesting information platform for consumers, as
they would find not only the description of the activities they
indirectly support but also information on native potatoes in
general, including nutritional facts and recipes.
Good coordination with the processing company is essential for
the success of the initiative. It is very important to select the
processing company that demonstrates professionalism in all its
activities, from a favourable relationship with farmers to high
quality in the production and commercialization process. CIP is
currently evaluating the best way for achieving optimum
collaboration between farmers, the processor and CIP, in order
to create the best conditions to help Andean farmers use and
conserve their precious native potato varieties.
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Thomas Bernet and Walter AmorosFarmers in the high Andes of Bolivia, Ecuador and Perutraditionally grow hundreds of different varieties of potatoes.Selected over centuries for their taste, texture, shape and colour,these potato varieties are very well adapted to the harshconditions that prevail in the high Andes, at altitudes rangingfrom 3500 to 4200 metres. Farmers generally produce thesenative varieties with minimal or no use of agrochemicals.Despite the nutritional benefit of these varieties and theirresistance to drought and frost, as well as pests and diseasessuch as potato blight, the production has decreased in the lastdecades. Farmers are increasingly shifting towards conventionalyellow potato varieties that are known by the consumers and thatcan more easily be sold on the market.This scenario endangers the continued production of the nativepotato varieties traditionally grown for subsistence in differentparts of the Andes. To reverse this trend, the International PotatoCenter (CIP) in Peru has started to look for new ways to make useof these varieties in order to keep them in farmers’ fields andpreserve the rich biodiversity and cultural heritage they represent.Consumer-focused lab researchKnowing that there is an increased interest in exotic, tasty andnatural products, CIP scientists began experimenting with making potato chips out of native potatoes. They discovered thatmany varieties were delicious and, because of their high drymatter content, absorbed much less oil than typical potato chipsduring frying. They started to screen around 350 yellow, red andpurple-fleshed potato varieties found in CIP’s gene banks,which counts almost 4000 varieties. Thirty varieties wereselected for their good frying qualities and attractive shapes andcolours. These varieties are also interesting from a nutritionalperspective: yellow varieties contain high levels of Vitamin Cwhereas red or purple potatoes hold high levels of antioxidantsthat have a protective function in the human body. Sincethe potato chips are made of unpeeled potatoes, consumerswill ingest the minerals, vitamins, and fibre present in thepotato skin.Marketing Approach to Conserve Agricultural BiodiversityHaving achieved good results with this initial work, CIP faced adifficult question: how should it proceed in bringing these nativecoloured potato chips to the market, benefiting both farmers andconsumers?CIP started to think of a feasible strategy to engage as a nonprofitinstitution in this venture. After a thorough reflection onhow to link potato chips with the market, the MarketingApproach to Conserve Agricultural Biodiversity (MACAB)concept was developed. This is a new research and developmentapproach aiming at helping to conserve biodiversity by using amarket-oriented focus. MACAB defines a number of steps to befollowed, from the discovery of interesting crop attributes tothe development of an elaborated and tested marketing conceptand the selection of a company that best represents farmers’interests as well as biodiversity conservation (See Reference fora downloadable version of the MACAB approach).Development of a market conceptFollowing the guidelines of the MACAB approach, CIP hired aconsultant to help identify the most interesting market segmentsfor this potential product and elaborate a sound marketingconcept. It was his task to identify to whom these nativecoloured potato chips should be sold, why and how. He obtainedmost answers to these questions from potential consumers whowere involved in the process of developing the marketingconcept (see Box).As a first step, the chips were presented at an internationalcooking fair, where 72 personal in-depth interviews withconsumers helped to evaluate which product elements areperceived as most valuable. The consumers mostly valued theproduct’s exclusiveness and the fact that the product is healthierand more “natural” than conventional chips. The fact that theproduct benefits small producers and helps with biodiversityconservation was considered less important.As a result, a rather exclusive marketing concept was developedwith emphasis on “natural & healthy”. The brand name “JalcaChips” – Jalca being the agro-ecological zone where thesecoloured native potatoes are grown organically and under harsh
natural conditions – backed up the positioning of the product.
A prototype package was developed, mentioning the social
benefits generated by the product on the back, as this had proven
to be less important to potential consumers. This package was
then tested in a five star hotel, where customers were confronted
with a “real” product. Their comments were used to improve the
final product package.

How do farmers benefit?
To launch the product on the market, CIP involved a
collaborating private company in processing the first 600
kilograms of native potatoes harvested in Aymara, a farmer
community in the Department of Huancavelica that collaborates
with CIP in conserving native potato varieties. Lima Airport’s
Duty Free section was chosen to be the first market segment,
providing an excellent exhibition opportunity for this product
and generating an optimal image for native potatoes at an
international level. There is much hope that under these
circumstances Jalca Chips will enhance the interest in native
potatoes in general and provoke new marketing opportunities
that will allow small-scale farmers to benefit from future
expansion of native potato production.
At the same time, CIP has been looking for ways to directly
benefit farmers with a percentage of each package sold. It is
planned that ten percent of the retail price of each package of
Jalca Chips sold will go to the Native Potato Project, which
carries out activities that help small-scale farmers use and
conserve their native potato varieties. This project could then
become an interesting information platform for consumers, as
they would find not only the description of the activities they
indirectly support but also information on native potatoes in
general, including nutritional facts and recipes.
Good coordination with the processing company is essential for
the success of the initiative. It is very important to select the
processing company that demonstrates professionalism in all its
activities, from a favourable relationship with farmers to high
quality in the production and commercialization process. CIP is
currently evaluating the best way for achieving optimum
collaboration between farmers, the processor and CIP, in order
to create the best conditions to help Andean farmers use and
conserve their precious native potato varieties.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Thomas Bernet dan Walter Amoros
Petani di Andes tinggi Bolivia, Ekuador dan Peru
tradisional tumbuh ratusan varietas yang berbeda dari kentang.
Dipilih selama berabad-abad untuk rasa, tekstur, bentuk dan warna,
varietas kentang ini sangat baik disesuaikan dengan keras
kondisi yang menang di Andes yang tinggi, pada ketinggian berkisar
3.500-4.200 meter. Petani umumnya menghasilkan ini
varietas asli dengan sedikit atau tidak ada penggunaan bahan kimia pertanian. Meskipun manfaat gizi varietas ini dan mereka tahan terhadap kekeringan dan kedinginan, serta hama dan penyakit seperti hawar kentang, produksi mengalami penurunan di babak dekade. Petani semakin bergeser ke konvensional varietas kentang kuning yang dikenal oleh konsumen dan yang dapat lebih mudah dijual di pasar. Skenario ini membahayakan terus produksi asli varietas kentang tradisional ditanam untuk subsisten di berbagai bagian dari Andes. Untuk membalikkan tren ini, Potato Internasional Pusat (CIP) di Peru telah mulai mencari cara baru untuk memanfaatkan varietas ini untuk menjaga mereka di lahan petani dan melestarikan keanekaragaman hayati yang kaya dan warisan budaya yang mereka wakili. Konsumen yang berfokus Penelitian laboratorium Mengetahui bahwa ada peningkatan minat dalam eksotis, lezat dan produk alami, ilmuwan CIP mulai bereksperimen dengan membuat keripik kentang dari kentang asli. Mereka menemukan bahwa banyak varietas yang lezat dan, karena kering tinggi kandungan bahan, diserap minyak jauh lebih sedikit daripada keripik kentang khas selama menggoreng. Mereka mulai menyaring sekitar 350 kuning, merah dan ungu berdaging varietas kentang yang ditemukan di bank gen CIP ini, yang menghitung hampir 4000 varietas. Tiga puluh varietas yang dipilih untuk kualitas mereka baik menggoreng dan bentuk yang menarik dan warna. Varietas ini juga menarik dari gizi perspektif: varietas kuning mengandung kadar tinggi vitamin C sedangkan kentang merah atau ungu memegang tingkat tinggi antioksidan yang memiliki fungsi pelindung dalam tubuh manusia. Sejak keripik kentang yang terbuat dari kentang dikupas, konsumen akan menelan mineral, vitamin, dan serat hadir dalam. Kulit kentang Pendekatan Pemasaran untuk Menghemat Pertanian Keanekaragaman Setelah mencapai hasil yang baik dengan pekerjaan awal ini, CIP menghadapi pertanyaan yang sulit: bagaimana seharusnya itu melanjutkan dalam membawa ini asli keripik kentang berwarna ke pasar, menguntungkan kedua petani dan konsumen? CIP mulai memikirkan strategi layak untuk terlibat sebagai nirlaba lembaga dalam usaha ini. Setelah refleksi menyeluruh pada bagaimana menghubungkan keripik kentang dengan pasar, Pemasaran Pendekatan untuk Menghemat Pertanian Keanekaragaman Hayati (MACAB) konsep dikembangkan. Ini adalah penelitian dan pengembangan baru pendekatan yang bertujuan membantu melestarikan keanekaragaman hayati dengan menggunakan fokus yang berorientasi pasar. MACAB mendefinisikan sejumlah langkah yang harus diikuti, dari penemuan crop menarik atribut untuk pengembangan konsep pemasaran dijabarkan dan diuji dan pemilihan perusahaan yang paling mewakili petani kepentingan serta konservasi keanekaragaman hayati (Lihat Referensi untuk download sebuah versi pendekatan MACAB). Pengembangan konsep pasar Mengikuti pedoman dari pendekatan MACAB, CIP menyewa konsultan untuk membantu mengidentifikasi segmen pasar yang paling menarik untuk produk potensial ini dan menguraikan pemasaran suara konsep. Itu tugasnya untuk mengidentifikasi siapa ini asli keripik kentang berwarna harus dijual, mengapa dan bagaimana. Ia memperoleh paling jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan dari konsumen potensial yang terlibat dalam proses pengembangan pemasaran konsep (lihat Kotak). Sebagai langkah pertama, chip yang disajikan pada internasional yang adil memasak, di mana 72 pribadi dalam wawancara mendalam dengan konsumen membantu untuk mengevaluasi produk mana unsur dianggap sebagai yang paling berharga. Konsumen kebanyakan menghargai eksklusivitas produk dan fakta bahwa produk sehat dan lebih "alami" dari chip konvensional. Fakta bahwa produk manfaat produsen kecil dan membantu dengan keanekaragaman hayati konservasi dianggap kurang penting. Akibatnya, konsep pemasaran yang agak eksklusif dikembangkan dengan penekanan pada "alami & sehat". Nama merek "Jalca Chips" - Jalca menjadi zona agro-ekologi di mana ini kentang asli berwarna yang ditanam secara organik dan di bawah yang keras kondisi alam - didukung posisi produk. Sebuah paket prototipe dikembangkan, menyebutkan sosial manfaat yang dihasilkan oleh produk di bagian belakang, karena hal ini telah terbukti menjadi kurang penting bagi konsumen potensial. Paket ini kemudian diuji di sebuah hotel bintang lima, di mana pelanggan dihadapkan dengan produk "nyata". Komentar mereka digunakan untuk meningkatkan paket produk akhir. Bagaimana petani mendapatkan keuntungan? Untuk meluncurkan produk di pasar, CIP melibatkan perusahaan swasta berkolaborasi dalam mengolah pertama 600 kilogram kentang asli dipanen dalam Aymara, seorang petani masyarakat di Departemen Huancavelica yang bekerja sama dengan CIP dalam melestarikan varietas kentang asli. Lima ini Duty bagian Gratis dipilih menjadi segmen pasar pertama, memberikan kesempatan pameran yang sangat baik untuk produk ini dan menghasilkan gambar yang optimal untuk kentang asli pada tingkat internasional. Ada banyak harapan bahwa di bawah ini keadaan Jalca Chips akan meningkatkan minat asli kentang pada umumnya dan memprovokasi peluang pemasaran baru yang akan memungkinkan petani skala kecil untuk mendapatkan keuntungan dari masa ekspansi produksi kentang asli. Pada saat yang sama, CIP telah mencari cara untuk langsung mendapatkan keuntungan petani dengan persentase masing-masing paket yang dijual. Hal ini direncanakan bahwa sepuluh persen dari harga eceran setiap paket dari Jalca Chips dijual akan pergi ke Proyek Potato asli, yang melakukan kegiatan yang membantu petani skala kecil menggunakan dan melestarikan varietas kentang asli mereka. Proyek ini kemudian bisa menjadi platform informasi yang menarik bagi konsumen, karena mereka akan menemukan tidak hanya deskripsi kegiatan mereka secara tidak langsung mendukung tetapi juga informasi tentang kentang asli di umum, termasuk fakta gizi dan resep. Koordinasi yang baik dengan perusahaan pengolahan sangat penting untuk keberhasilan inisiatif. Hal ini sangat penting untuk memilih perusahaan pengolahan yang menunjukkan profesionalisme dalam semua kegiatan, dari hubungan yang menguntungkan dengan petani untuk tinggi kualitas dalam proses produksi dan komersialisasi. CIP adalah sedang mengevaluasi cara terbaik untuk mencapai optimal kolaborasi antara petani, prosesor dan CIP, dalam rangka menciptakan kondisi terbaik untuk membantu petani Andean menggunakan dan melestarikan varietas kentang asli mereka yang berharga.












































































































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