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Psychological scientists have discovered new evidence of what goes on in the brain when people read printed words. The scientists, led by Maria Dimitropoulou of the Basque Center on Cognition, Brain, and Language, in Donostia, Spain, used Greek and Spanish, two languages with common phonemes and partially overlapping graphemes, to investigate how knowledge about the relationship between written language and sound influences our ability to recognize words.
The study was published in the Journal of Cognitive Psychology. In two experiments, the scientists used the masked priming paradigm, a method used to study visual word recognition. The paradigm works like this: First, volunteers are briefly shown one string of letters, called the prime. The prime’s appearance and disappearance happen so fast that the volunteers aren’t even aware of seeing it. Immediately following, the volunteers are shown another string of letters, called the target. Even though primes are undetected by the volunteers, experiments show that certain primes can influence how quickly volunteers react to or recognize targets.
Dimitropoulou and her colleagues designed a version of the masked priming paradigm to test how the phonological (speech and sound–related) codes that we associate with written language influence our ability to visually identify words. In the past, scientists who conducted similar experiments had found it difficult to separate the cognitive influence of phonology from the influence of orthography (visual elements like spelling and script) because many words that sound the same look similar, too — even in the case of words that belong to different languages. Some have tried to overcome this limitation by incorporating made-up pseudowords into masked priming experiments; however, Dimitropoulou and colleagues object that the brain may process real words and made-up words differently.
To avoid orthographic interference in their experiment on phonology, the team chose to mix Greek words with Spanish words, noting that the two languages sound similar but look very different when written. They designed an experiment in which native Greeks who had studied Spanish for several years were primed with Greek words that were phonologically similar to but orthographically distinct from Spanish target words. Because Greek and Spanish have some alphabetic characters in common, the scientists were also able to test the effect of Greek primes that were both phonologically similar and orthographically similar to Spanish targets. In the control condition, volunteers were primed with words that were not related to the target. The same procedure was followed in a second experiment, but this time the primes were in Spanish and the targets in Greek.
In both experiments, purely phonological primes led volunteers to identify their targets more quickly than in the control condition. Curiously, when primes had both phonological and orthographical properties in common with the target words, no significant difference in identification time emerged between the experimental and control condition in either language. The results suggest that phonological cues by themselves — but not phonological cues in conjunction with orthographic cues — play a special role in visual word recognition.
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Psychological scientists have discovered new evidence of what goes on in the brain when people read printed words. The scientists, led by Maria Dimitropoulou of the Basque Center on Cognition, Brain, and Language, in Donostia, Spain, used Greek and Spanish, two languages with common phonemes and partially overlapping graphemes, to investigate how knowledge about the relationship between written language and sound influences our ability to recognize words.The study was published in the Journal of Cognitive Psychology. In two experiments, the scientists used the masked priming paradigm, a method used to study visual word recognition. The paradigm works like this: First, volunteers are briefly shown one string of letters, called the prime. The prime’s appearance and disappearance happen so fast that the volunteers aren’t even aware of seeing it. Immediately following, the volunteers are shown another string of letters, called the target. Even though primes are undetected by the volunteers, experiments show that certain primes can influence how quickly volunteers react to or recognize targets.Dimitropoulou and her colleagues designed a version of the masked priming paradigm to test how the phonological (speech and sound–related) codes that we associate with written language influence our ability to visually identify words. In the past, scientists who conducted similar experiments had found it difficult to separate the cognitive influence of phonology from the influence of orthography (visual elements like spelling and script) because many words that sound the same look similar, too — even in the case of words that belong to different languages. Some have tried to overcome this limitation by incorporating made-up pseudowords into masked priming experiments; however, Dimitropoulou and colleagues object that the brain may process real words and made-up words differently.To avoid orthographic interference in their experiment on phonology, the team chose to mix Greek words with Spanish words, noting that the two languages sound similar but look very different when written. They designed an experiment in which native Greeks who had studied Spanish for several years were primed with Greek words that were phonologically similar to but orthographically distinct from Spanish target words. Because Greek and Spanish have some alphabetic characters in common, the scientists were also able to test the effect of Greek primes that were both phonologically similar and orthographically similar to Spanish targets. In the control condition, volunteers were primed with words that were not related to the target. The same procedure was followed in a second experiment, but this time the primes were in Spanish and the targets in Greek.In both experiments, purely phonological primes led volunteers to identify their targets more quickly than in the control condition. Curiously, when primes had both phonological and orthographical properties in common with the target words, no significant difference in identification time emerged between the experimental and control condition in either language. The results suggest that phonological cues by themselves — but not phonological cues in conjunction with orthographic cues — play a special role in visual word recognition.
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Ilmuwan psikologi telah menemukan bukti baru dari apa yang terjadi di dalam otak ketika orang membaca kata-kata yang dicetak. Para ilmuwan, yang dipimpin oleh Maria Dimitropoulou dari Basque Center Kognisi, Brain, dan Bahasa, di Donostia, Spanyol, Yunani dan Spanyol yang digunakan, dua bahasa dengan fonem umum dan grafem sebagian tumpang tindih, untuk menyelidiki bagaimana pengetahuan tentang hubungan antara bahasa tulis dan suara mempengaruhi kemampuan kita untuk mengenali kata-kata.
Studi ini dipublikasikan dalam Journal of Psikologi Kognitif. Dalam dua percobaan, para ilmuwan menggunakan paradigma priming bertopeng, metode yang digunakan untuk mempelajari pengenalan kata visual. Paradigma ini bekerja seperti ini: Pertama, relawan akan ditampilkan sebentar satu string huruf, yang disebut prima. Penampilan perdana dan hilangnya terjadi begitu cepat sehingga para relawan bahkan tidak menyadari melihatnya. Segera setelah, para relawan ditunjukkan string lain huruf, yang disebut target. Meskipun bilangan prima yang tidak terdeteksi oleh para relawan, percobaan menunjukkan bahwa bilangan prima tertentu dapat mempengaruhi seberapa cepat relawan bereaksi atau mengenali target.
Dimitropoulou dan rekan-rekannya merancang versi paradigma priming bertopeng untuk menguji bagaimana fonologis (berbicara dan suara-terkait) kode yang kita kaitkan dengan bahasa tertulis mempengaruhi kemampuan kita untuk secara visual mengidentifikasi kata-kata. Di masa lalu, para ilmuwan yang melakukan percobaan serupa telah menemukan sulit untuk memisahkan pengaruh kognitif fonologi dari pengaruh ortografi (elemen visual seperti ejaan dan script) karena banyak kata-kata yang terdengar sama terlihat mirip, juga - bahkan dalam kasus kata-kata yang berasal dari bahasa yang berbeda. Beberapa telah mencoba untuk mengatasi keterbatasan ini dengan memasukkan pseudowords dibuat-up ke bertopeng percobaan priming; Namun, Dimitropoulou dan rekan keberatan bahwa otak dapat memproses kata nyata dan kata-kata yang dibuat-buat berbeda.
Untuk menghindari gangguan ortografi dalam percobaan mereka pada fonologi, tim memilih untuk mencampur kata Yunani dengan kata-kata Spanyol, mencatat bahwa dua bahasa terdengar mirip tapi lihat sangat berbeda ketika ditulis. Mereka merancang sebuah percobaan di mana orang-orang Yunani asli yang pernah belajar Spanyol selama beberapa tahun yang prima dengan kata Yunani yang fonologis mirip tapi Orthographically berbeda dari kata-kata target Spanyol. Karena Yunani dan Spanyol memiliki beberapa karakter abjad yang sama, para ilmuwan juga dapat menguji pengaruh bilangan prima Yunani yang baik fonologis sama dan Orthographically mirip dengan target Spanyol. Dalam kondisi kontrol, relawan prima dengan kata-kata yang tidak berhubungan dengan target. Prosedur yang sama diikuti pada percobaan kedua, tapi kali ini bilangan prima berada di Spanyol dan target dalam bahasa Yunani.
Dalam kedua percobaan, bilangan prima murni fonologi menyebabkan relawan untuk mengidentifikasi target mereka lebih cepat daripada di kondisi kontrol. Anehnya, ketika bilangan prima memiliki kedua sifat fonologi dan ortografis yang sama dengan kata-kata target, tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan dalam waktu identifikasi muncul antara kondisi eksperimental dan kontrol dalam bahasa kedua. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa isyarat fonologis sendiri - tapi isyarat tidak fonologi dalam hubungannya dengan isyarat ortografi - memainkan peran khusus dalam pengenalan kata visual.
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