1. IntroductionThe economic adulter

1. Introduction
The economic adulteration of milk and infant formula products
in China with melamine and cyanuric acid resulted in the sickening and deaths of infants fed with adulterated milk powder and
received wide spread global attention during the melamine scandal in 2007 [1]. The 2007 melamine incident was preceded by pet
foods adulteration with melamine and cyanuric acid which resulted
in renal failure and deaths of cats and dogs [2]. The intentional
adulteration of food ingredients with nitrogen-rich compounds has
created lasting ramifications for food safety, regulations, and global
commerce [3].
Economic adulteration of nutritional ingredients involves mixing with nitrogen rich compounds for economic gains, which in
turn causes an interference with the widely used Kjeldahl protein
assay [4,5]. The Kjeldahl method measures total nitrogen as an indirect measure of protein content [6]. The lack of specificity of the
∗
Corresponding author. Tel.: [phone]; fax: [phone].
E-mail address: [e-mail] (T.M. Reddy).
Kjeldahl method makes it susceptible to tampering by the addition
of nitrogen rich compounds to inflate the apparent protein content.
Today a heightened awareness of the melamine issue, the
availability of reliable analytical test methods and increased regulations, collectively decrease the risk of repeat occurrence of
melamine–cyanuric acid incidents [7–9]. However motivation of
economic adulteration still remains despite the above advances
and the potential use of melamine related analogs for adulteration
provides opportunity. Hence the continuous development of new
analytical screening methodologies which are capable of detecting
the presence of externally introduced nitrogen-rich compounds in
food ingredients is needed to ensure the safety of ingredients and
finished products.
Milk derived ingredients are major components of infant and
adult nutritional products. Milk is traded globally mainly in the
form of powdered ingredients because of its ease of transport
[10]. The breadth and complexity of growing global trade involves
supply chains which span various continents and milk derived
ingredients being sourced from different regions of the world.
Globally sourced ingredients are used to manufacture nutritional
products which are in turn sold around the world. Hence rapid
determination of residues of nitrogen rich melamine analogs in

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1. PendahuluanPemalsuan ekonomi susu dan bayi produk formuladi Cina dengan melamin dan sianurat asam mengakibatkan memuakkan dan kematian bayi diberi adulterated susu bubuk danmenerima perhatian global tersebar luas selama melamin skandal tahun 2007 [1]. Insiden tahun 2007 melamin didahului oleh petpemalsuan makanan dengan melamin dan asam sianurat yang mengakibatkangagal ginjal dan kematian kucing dan anjing [2]. Disengajapemalsuan bahan makanan dengan senyawa kaya nitrogen telahmenciptakan dampak yang langgeng keamanan pangan, peraturan, dan globalCommerce [3].Pemalsuan ekonomi bahan-bahan gizi melibatkan pencampuran dengan senyawa kaya nitrogen untuk keuntungan ekonomi, yang dalamgilirannya menyebabkan gangguan dengan protein Kjeldahl digunakanassay [4,5]. Langkah-langkah metode Kjeldahl total nitrogen sebagai ukuran langsung dari kandungan protein [6]. Kurangnya kekhususan dari∗Sesuai penulis. Tel.: + 1 614 6246179; Faks: + 1 614 7276179.Alamat e-mail: [e-mail] (T.M. Reddy).Metode Kjeldahl membuatnya rentan terhadap gangguan dengan penambahannitrogen kaya senyawa untuk mengembang kandungan protein yang jelas.Hari kesadaran tentang masalah melamin,ketersediaan metode uji analitis yang dapat diandalkan dan peningkatan peraturan, secara kolektif menurunkan resiko terjadinya ulangimelamin – sianurat asam insiden [7-9]. Namun motivasipemalsuan ekonomi masih tetap meskipun kemajuan di atasdan menggunakan potensi melamin terkait analog untuk pemalsuanmemberikan kesempatan. Oleh karena itu pembangunan berkelanjutan baruskrining analitis metodologi yang mampu mendeteksikehadiran senyawa kaya nitrogen eksternal diperkenalkan dalambahan makanan diperlukan untuk memastikan keamanan dari bahan-bahan danproduk jadi.Susu berasal bahan adalah komponen utama dari bayi danproduk-produk nutrisi yang dewasa. Susu diperdagangkan secara global terutama dibentuk bubuk bahan karena kemudahan transportasi[10]. luas dan kompleksitas tumbuh perdagangan global melibatkanrantai pasokan yang span berbagai benua dan turunan susubahan yang bersumber dari berbagai daerah di dunia.Global bahan-bahan yang digunakan untuk memproduksi nutrisiproduk yang pada gilirannya dijual di seluruh dunia. Maka cepatpenentuan residu dari analog melamin kaya nitrogen dalam