Charles Darwin, widely considered a

Charles Darwin, widely considered as one of
the greatest and most revolutionizing scientists
in history, was the British naturalist who
formulated the theory of evolution. Pre-Darwin,
it was thought that each species of life on
earth came individually and that none had
ever changed its form. He confuted this notion
and demonstrated from his research that
evolution is the law of nature and all living
things on earth have descended from common
ancestors who lived millions of years ago. He
proved that animals and plants have evolved
in an orderly manner and keep on evolving
even today.
Early Life:
Born at Shrewsbury in 1809, Darwin was
raised by his eldest sister from the tender age
of eight. Young Darwin had a passion for
gathering up even insects and minerals and he
used to experiment with them. When Darwin
was 16, he joined Edinburg University to study
medicine. However, he was too gentle and
tender to become a proper physician.
Anatomy, in particular, sickened him. He hated
the surgical operations, because they had to
be performed without any anesthetics at that
time. This made Darwin a great failure as a
medical student.
Darwin said goodbye to Edinburg in 1828 and
sought admission in Cambridge to study
Theology. There, he also disregarded his
studies and was more interested in beetles
than theology. He was lucky to attain his
degree anyhow. At Cambridge, he managed to
make valuable friends, even befriending the
professors of botany and geology.
Contributions and
Achievements:
Darwin got his big break in 1831. A naturalist
was needed to travel along on a scientific
expedition – a voyage around the world in the
brigantine HMBS Beagle under the supervision
of Captain Fits Roy. Luckily, some of his
Cambridge fellows also recommended him for
the place. The voyage took around five years.
Throughout this voyage, Darwin collected
bones of extinct animals. He was curious
about the relationship between the extinct
animals and the existing ones. The unusual
marine iguana, the tortoises and the finches
on the Galapagos Islands in the pacific made
him perplexed, since similar, yet rather
distinct, forms of the same animals were found
on separate islands. These observations led to
his legendary ideas on evolution.
After the return, Darwin moved to London for a
while and compiled an account of his travels.
Darwin got married to his cousin Emma
Wedgowood in 1839. The coupled moved to
Downe House in Kent in 1844. There, Darwin
got a letter from the naturalist Alfred Russel
Wallace, who had made similar observations
about evolution separately. A collaborative
report by Darwin and Wallace was published
in 1858. Darwin publicized the theory of
evolution in his famous book, “The Origin of
Species by Natural Selection”, in 1859. The
book, which asserted that all the varied forms
of life on earth could, in the course of time,
have evolved from a common ancestry, was a
huge success. Darwin also commented that in
the struggle for life, only the ‘fittest’ creatures
would survive while others fail.
The book became controversial due to its
conflict with the religious belief about the
creation of the world. However, in later years,
it was embraced by all biologists. Darwin’s
another book, “The Variation of Animals and
Plants Under Domestication”, came out in
1868. It is considered to be his second most
significant work. The book maintains that man,
by selective breeding, could make rather
different breeds of pigeons, dogs, and some
species of plants also. His work also included
“The Various Contrivances by which Orchids
are Fertilised by Insects”, “Insectivorous
Plants”, “The Power of Movement in Plants”,
“Descent of Man”, and “The Formation of
Vegetable Mould Through the Action of
Worms”.
Later Life and Death:
Charles Darwin died at 74 and he was buried
in Westminster Abbey, fairly near to the tomb
of Sir Issac Newton. Out of his 10 children, of
whom seven survived him, four became
prominent scientists. Three of his sons went
on to become fellows of the Royal Society, just
like their legendary father.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Charles Darwin, secara luas dianggap sebagai salah satuPara ilmuwan yang terbesar dan paling merevolusidalam sejarah, adalah naturalis Inggris yangdiformulasikan teori evolusi. Pra-Darwin,Diperkirakan bahwa setiap jenis kehidupan dibumi datang secara individual dan bahwa tidak ada memilikipernah berubah bentuk. Ia confuted gagasan inidan menunjukkan dari Nya penelitian yangEvolusi adalah hukum alam dan semua yang hiduphal-hal di dunia berasal dari Umumleluhur yang hidup jutaan tahun yang lalu. Diaterbukti bahwa hewan dan tanaman telah berevolusidalam cara yang teratur dan terus berkembangbahkan sampai hari ini.Kehidupan awalLahir di Shrewsbury pada tahun 1809, Darwin adalahdibesarkan oleh kakak sulungnya dari usiadelapan. Muda Darwin memiliki gairah untukmengumpulkan bahkan serangga dan mineral dan diadigunakan untuk bereksperimen dengan mereka. Ketika Darwin16, ia bergabung dengan Universitas Edinburg untuk belajarobat. Namun, ia adalah terlalu lembut dantender untuk menjadi seorang dokter yang tepat.Anatomi, khususnya, muak kepadanya. Ia membencioperasi bedah, karena mereka harusdilakukan tanpa anestesi apapun pada saat ituwaktu. Hal ini membuat Darwin kegagalan besar sebagaimahasiswa kedokteran.Darwin mengatakan selamat tinggal Edinburg tahun 1828 dandicari masuk di Cambridge untuk belajarTeologi. Di sana, ia juga diabaikan nyastudi dan lebih tertarik dengan kumbangdaripada teologi. Dia beruntung untuk mencapai nyagelar bagaimanapun. Cambridge, ia berhasilteman-teman berharga, bahkan bertemanProfesor botani dan geologi.Kontribusi danPencapaian:Darwin mendapat terobosan besar pada 1831. Seorang naturalisdiperlukan untuk perjalanan sepanjang ilmiahEkspedisi-perjalanan di seluruh dunia dalamBrigantine HMBS Beagle di bawah pengawasanKapten cocok Roy. Untungnya, beberapa orangCambridge fellows juga merekomendasikan dia untuktempat. Perjalanan memakan waktu sekitar lima tahun.Sepanjang perjalanan ini, Darwin dikumpulkantulang hewan punah. Dia adalah penasarantentang hubungan antara punahhewan dan yang sudah ada. Yang tidak biasaiguana kelautan, kura-kura dan Finchpada Kepulauan Galapagos di PasifikDia bingung, sejak serupa, namun agakberbeda, bentuk binatang yang sama ditemukandi pulau-pulau terpisah. Observasi ini dipimpin keIdenya legendaris pada evolusi.Setelah kembali, Darwin pindah ke London untuksementara dan disusun account perjalanannya.Darwin menikah dengan sepupunya EmmaWedgowood pada tahun 1839. Ditambah pindah keDowne House di Kent pada 1844. Sana, Darwinmendapat surat dari naturalis Alfred RusselWallace, yang telah membuat pengamatan serupatentang evolusi secara terpisah. KolaboratifLaporan oleh Darwin dan Wallace diterbitkanpada tahun 1858. Darwin dipublikasikan teorievolusi dalam bukunya yang terkenal, "asal-usulSpesies oleh seleksi alam"pada tahun 1859. Thebuku, yang menyatakan bahwa semua bervariasi bentukkehidupan di bumi bisa, waktutelah berevolusi dari nenek moyang yang umum, adalahsukses besar. Darwin juga berkomentar bahwa dalamperjuangan untuk hidup, hanya makhluk 'terkuat'akan bertahan sementara orang lain gagal.Buku menjadi kontroversial karena yangbertentangan dengan keyakinan agama tentangpenciptaan dunia. Namun, dalam tahun kemudian,disambut oleh semua ahli biologi. Darwinbuku lain, "variasi dari hewan danTanaman di bawah domestikasi", keluar di1868. hal ini dianggap untuk menjadi anaknya yang kedua palingkerja yang signifikan. Buku mempertahankan bahwa manusia,dengan pembiakan selektif, bisa membuat agakketurunan yang berbeda merpati, anjing, dan beberapaspesies tumbuhan juga. Karyanya juga termasuk"Berbagai rekayasa oleh anggrek yangyang Fertilised oleh serangga","InsectivorousTanaman","Power of gerakan di tanaman","Keturunan manusia", dan "pembentukanSayuran cetakan melalui tindakanWorms".Kemudian kehidupan dan kematian:Charles Darwin meninggal pada 74 dan dia telah dikuburkandi Westminster Abbey, cukup dekat dengan makamSir Issac Newton. Keluar dari 10 anak-anaknya,Siapa tujuh Selamat kepadanya, yang empat menjaditokoh ilmuwan. Tiga anaknya pergipada menjadi rekan-rekan dari Royal Society, hanyaseperti ayah mereka legendaris.