Second, developing countries themselves have been experimenting with e terjemahan - Second, developing countries themselves have been experimenting with e Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Second, developing countries themse

Second, developing countries themselves have been experimenting with economic instruments for some time and although this experience is more relevant, it is anecdotal and largely undocumented. It is also important to note that developing countries are a very heterogeneous group, both in terms of the stage of economic and political development and in terms of ecological conditions. These differences limit the direct transfer of developing country experience (e.g., from Southeast Asia to sub-Saharan Africa). Nevertheless, the fact that a dissimilar group of developing countries has been able to adopt and adapt economic instruments for environmental management bodes well for the introduction of these instruments elsewhere in the developing world. Furthermore, traditional societies have a wealth of incentive-based instruments for resource management such as communal property rights and customary use rights that provide a cultural basis and insights for the introduction of modern economic instruments.
However, the slate for the introduction of economic instruments is far from clear. There are already in place command and control regulations dictating pollution and resource depletion standards and specific technologies. Their complete abandonment and replacement by economic instruments is out of the question for reasons that range from economic disruption to political economy. The most promising entry points for economic instruments are in answering concerns about the efficiency and flexibility of existing regulations, the need for fiscal revenues, and in the search for instruments to reconcile economic and environmental policy and to promote sustainable development. A good place to start is with the gradual introduction of selected economic instruments adapted to local conditions, to lend flexibility, financial support, and increased efficiency to the existing regulatory regimes.
The objective of this monograph is sevenfold: (a) to explore the analytical foundations as well as the scope and role of economic instruments in environmental management (Chapters 2 and 3); (b) to review the experience of developed countries and assess its relevance to developing countries (Chapter 4); (c) to document the experience of the developing countries which have applied economic instruments to the management of different resource and environment sectors (Chapter 5); (d) to explore the applicability of economic instruments to the protection of the global commons and their implications for developing countries (Chapter 6); (e) to analyze the special circumstances of developing countries and the way in which they could influence the applicability and selection of economic instruments (Chapter 7); (f) to delineate the modalities for introducing economic instruments in developing countries and transitional economies and to assess the institutional and human resource requirements and financial implications (Chapter 8); and (g) to formulate a strategy for the successful introduction of economic instruments in developing countries.
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Kedua, negara-negara berkembang sendiri telah bereksperimen dengan instrumen ekonomi untuk beberapa waktu dan meskipun pengalaman ini lebih relevan, itu anekdot dan sebagian besar tidak terdokumentasikan. Hal ini juga penting untuk dicatat bahwa negara-negara berkembang yang sangat heterogen kelompok, baik dalam tahap perkembangan ekonomi dan politik dan kondisi ekologi. Perbedaan-perbedaan ini membatasi transfer langsung pengalaman negara berkembang (misalnya, dari Asia Tenggara ke sub-Sahara Afrika). Namun, fakta bahwa sekelompok berbeda dari negara-negara berkembang telah mampu mengadopsi dan beradaptasi ekonomi instrumen untuk manajemen lingkungan Bode baik bagi pengenalan instrumen ini di tempat lain di negara berkembang. Selain itu, masyarakat tradisional memiliki banyak alat-alat yang berbasis insentif untuk pengelolaan sumberdaya seperti hak milik komunal dan hak-hak adat penggunaan yang memberikan dasar budaya dan wawasan untuk pengenalan ekonomi modern instrumen.
Namun, batu tulis untuk pengenalan instrumen ekonomi adalah jauh dari jelas. Sudah ada di tempat komando dan kontrol peraturan mendikte standar penipisan polusi dan sumber daya dan teknologi tertentu. Lengkapnya ditinggalkan dan penggantian oleh ekonomi instrumen mereka adalah keluar dari pertanyaan untuk alasan yang berkisar dari gangguan ekonomi untuk ekonomi politik. Titik entri yang paling menjanjikan untuk instrumen ekonomi adalah dalam menjawab kekhawatiran tentang efisiensi dan fleksibilitas dari peraturan yang ada, perlunya fiskal pendapatan, dan dalam mencari instrumen untuk mendamaikan kebijakan ekonomi dan lingkungan dan untuk mempromosikan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Tempat yang baik untuk memulai adalah dengan pengenalan bertahap instrumen ekonomi yang dipilih yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi lokal, untuk meminjamkan fleksibilitas, dukungan keuangan, dan peningkatan efisiensi untuk rezim peraturan yang sudah ada.
tujuan monografi ini tujuh kali lipat: () untuk menjelajahi dasar analitis serta ruang lingkup dan peranan ekonomi instrumen pengelolaan lingkungan hidup (Bab 2 dan 3); (b) untuk mengkaji pengalaman negara-negara maju dan menilai relevansinya untuk negara-negara berkembang (Bab 4); (c) untuk mendokumentasikan pengalaman negara-negara berkembang yang telah diterapkan ekonomi instrumen pengelolaan sumber daya yang berbeda dan sektor lingkungan (Bab 5); (d) untuk mengeksplorasi penerapan instrumen ekonomi untuk perlindungan bersama global dan implikasinya bagi negara berkembang (Bab 6); (e) untuk menganalisa keadaan khusus negara-negara berkembang dan cara di mana mereka dapat mempengaruhi penerapan dan pilihan ekonomi instrumen (Bab 7); (f) untuk menggambarkan modalitas untuk memperkenalkan instrumen ekonomi di negara berkembang dan transisi ekonomi dan untuk menilai kebutuhan sumber daya manusia dan kelembagaan dan implikasi keuangan (Bab 8); dan (g) untuk merumuskan strategi untuk sukses pengenalan alat-alat ekonomi di negara berkembang.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Second, developing countries themselves have been experimenting with economic instruments for some time and although this experience is more relevant, it is anecdotal and largely undocumented. It is also important to note that developing countries are a very heterogeneous group, both in terms of the stage of economic and political development and in terms of ecological conditions. These differences limit the direct transfer of developing country experience (e.g., from Southeast Asia to sub-Saharan Africa). Nevertheless, the fact that a dissimilar group of developing countries has been able to adopt and adapt economic instruments for environmental management bodes well for the introduction of these instruments elsewhere in the developing world. Furthermore, traditional societies have a wealth of incentive-based instruments for resource management such as communal property rights and customary use rights that provide a cultural basis and insights for the introduction of modern economic instruments.
However, the slate for the introduction of economic instruments is far from clear. There are already in place command and control regulations dictating pollution and resource depletion standards and specific technologies. Their complete abandonment and replacement by economic instruments is out of the question for reasons that range from economic disruption to political economy. The most promising entry points for economic instruments are in answering concerns about the efficiency and flexibility of existing regulations, the need for fiscal revenues, and in the search for instruments to reconcile economic and environmental policy and to promote sustainable development. A good place to start is with the gradual introduction of selected economic instruments adapted to local conditions, to lend flexibility, financial support, and increased efficiency to the existing regulatory regimes.
The objective of this monograph is sevenfold: (a) to explore the analytical foundations as well as the scope and role of economic instruments in environmental management (Chapters 2 and 3); (b) to review the experience of developed countries and assess its relevance to developing countries (Chapter 4); (c) to document the experience of the developing countries which have applied economic instruments to the management of different resource and environment sectors (Chapter 5); (d) to explore the applicability of economic instruments to the protection of the global commons and their implications for developing countries (Chapter 6); (e) to analyze the special circumstances of developing countries and the way in which they could influence the applicability and selection of economic instruments (Chapter 7); (f) to delineate the modalities for introducing economic instruments in developing countries and transitional economies and to assess the institutional and human resource requirements and financial implications (Chapter 8); and (g) to formulate a strategy for the successful introduction of economic instruments in developing countries.
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