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MBCT was designed to target the cognitive processes thatrender depressed individuals vulnerable to repeated relapse andrecurrence, such as rumination and high cognitive reactivity (Teasdale,Segal, & Williams, 1995). MBCT has been shown toreverse processes hypothesized to underlie depressive psychopathology(e.g., Hargus, Crane, Barnhofer, & Williams, 2010;Kuyken et al., 2010; Raes, Dewulf, van Heeringen, & Williams,2009) and to reduce the risk of relapse of depression (Teasdale etal., 2000) as much as maintenance antidepressant medication(Kuyken et al., 2008; Segal et al, 2010). Although originallydesigned for depressed patients in remission, preliminary datasuggest that MBCT may be helpful for a broad range of mentalhealth problems including bipolar disorder, generalized anxietydisorder, panic disorder, chronic fatigue syndrome, and psychosis,as well as chronic, treatment-resistant, and suicidal forms of depression(see Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010, and Piet &Hougaard, 2011, for reviews of the efficacy of MBCT interventions).There are several reasons to hypothesize that MBCT may beparticularly applicable to the treatment of health anxiety. First,unlike standard CBT, MBCT does not aim to change the content ofthe patient’s thoughts by disconfirming the feared predictions, butto reduce their impact by changing the individual’s relationship totheir thoughts. This may circumvent the difficulty of disconfirminghealth anxious fears, which often relate to the distant future andthus are not so amenable to disconfirmation via standard CBTmethods such as thought challenging or behavioral experiments.Second, rumination has been shown to maintain health anxiety(Marcus, Hughes, & Arnau, 2008), and MBCT can reducemaladaptive rumination (Heeren & Philippot, 2011; Michalak,Hölz, & Teismann, 2011). Hence, it is hypothesized that MBCTmay help health anxious patients to learn generic skills ofattentional control to enable them to break the pattern of excessiveattending to somatic sensations, which leads to anescalation of anxiety via rumination on the potential negativemeanings of sensations.However, note that cognitive– behavioral conceptualizationshave emphasized the role of heightened bodily focused attention inthe maintenance of health anxiety (e.g., Warwick & Salkovskis,1990), and this is supported by experimental studies of attentionalbias in health anxiety (Rassin, Muris, Franken, & van Straten,2008). Thus, MBCT’s focus on attentional awareness of the bodymay be problematic for patients with health anxiety. The preliminaryevidence that training in attentional control strategies can bebeneficial to patients with health anxiety excludes attention to thebody for this reason (Papageorgiou & Wells, 1998). On the otherhand, a central tenet of MBCT is changing the mode of mind withinwhich a person views him- or herself and the world, leading theindividual away from the problem-solving mode that seeks as itsfirst priority to change or “get rid of” unwanted experiences(Williams, 2008). To this end, patients are taught to see moreclearly the patterns of mind that exacerbate and maintain emotionaldisturbance. This involves seeing directly the distinctionbetween the raw body sensations as actually experienced and themeaning that has become associated with those sensations. Thus,rather than refocusing attention away from body sensations,MBCT encourages the person to bring curiosity toward the sensationsthemselves, to register their affective quality, and to observehow the mind and body react to this information (most oftenwith negative and ruminative responses). Despite these intentions,it is possible that MBCT may fail to break into the hypothesizedmaintenance cycles of health anxiety because patients may findbody focus too aversive.Preliminary results are encouraging, however. A recent pilotstudy (N 10) reported MBCT produced significant improvementsin health anxiety, disease-related thoughts, and somaticsymptoms; the improvements were sustained at 3-month follow-up(Lovas & Barsky, 2010). In addition, both Lovas and Barsky’spilot study and a qualitative study of MBCT for health anxiety(Williams, McManus, Muse, & Williams, 2011) reported MBCTto be an acceptable treatment to patients with health anxiety.However, to date, there have been no controlled evaluations of theimpact of MBCT for health anxiety. The current study reports onthe outcome from a randomized clinical trial in which MBCT inaddition to unrestricted services (US) was compared with USalone
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