During metaphase, eukaryotic chromosomes becomesufficiently condensed  terjemahan - During metaphase, eukaryotic chromosomes becomesufficiently condensed  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

During metaphase, eukaryotic chromo

During metaphase, eukaryotic chromosomes become
sufficiently condensed that they can be visualized individually in the light microscope.
■ The karyotype, the set of metaphase chromosomes, is
characteristic of each species. Closely related species can
have dramatically different karyotypes, indicating that similar genetic information can be organized on chromosomes
in different ways.
■ Banding analysis and chromosome painting, a more precise method, are used to identify the different human
metaphase chromosomes and to detect translocations and
deletions (see Figure 10-29).
■ In certain cells of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
and related insects, interphase chromosomes are reduplicated 10 times, generating polytene chromosomes that are
visible in the light microscope (see Figure 10-31).
■ The highly reproducible banding patterns of polytene
chromosomes make it possible to localize cloned
DrosophilaDNA on a Drosophila chromosome by in situ
hybridization (Figure 10-30) and to visualize chromosomal
deletions and rearrangements as changes in the normal pattern of bands.
■ When metaphase chromosomes decondense during interphase, certain regions, termed heterochromatin,remain
much more condensed than the bulk of chromatin, called
euchromatin.
■ Three types of DNA sequences are required for a long
linear DNA molecule to function as a chromosome: a replication origin, called ARSin yeast; a centromere (CEN) sequence; and two telomere (TEL) sequences at the ends of
the DNA (see Figure 10-32).
■ DNA fragments up to 10
6
base pairs long can be cloned
in yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) vectors
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During metaphase, eukaryotic chromosomes becomesufficiently condensed that they can be visualized individually in the light microscope.■ The karyotype, the set of metaphase chromosomes, ischaracteristic of each species. Closely related species canhave dramatically different karyotypes, indicating that similar genetic information can be organized on chromosomesin different ways.■ Banding analysis and chromosome painting, a more precise method, are used to identify the different humanmetaphase chromosomes and to detect translocations anddeletions (see Figure 10-29).■ In certain cells of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogasterand related insects, interphase chromosomes are reduplicated 10 times, generating polytene chromosomes that arevisible in the light microscope (see Figure 10-31).■ The highly reproducible banding patterns of polytenechromosomes make it possible to localize clonedDrosophilaDNA on a Drosophila chromosome by in situhybridization (Figure 10-30) and to visualize chromosomaldeletions and rearrangements as changes in the normal pattern of bands.■ When metaphase chromosomes decondense during interphase, certain regions, termed heterochromatin,remainmuch more condensed than the bulk of chromatin, calledeuchromatin.■ Three types of DNA sequences are required for a longlinear DNA molecule to function as a chromosome: a replication origin, called ARSin yeast; a centromere (CEN) sequence; and two telomere (TEL) sequences at the ends ofthe DNA (see Figure 10-32).■ DNA fragments up to 106base pairs long can be clonedin yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) vectors
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Selama metafase, kromosom eukariotik menjadi
cukup kental bahwa mereka dapat divisualisasikan secara individual dalam mikroskop cahaya.
■ The kariotipe, set kromosom metafase, adalah
karakteristik masing-masing spesies. Spesies terkait erat dapat
memiliki kariotipe berbeda secara dramatis, menunjukkan bahwa informasi genetik yang sama dapat diatur pada kromosom
dengan cara yang berbeda.
■ analisis dan kromosom lukisan, metode yang lebih tepat Banding, yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi manusia yang berbeda
kromosom metafase dan untuk mendeteksi translokasi dan
penghapusan (lihat Gambar 10-29).
■ Dalam sel-sel tertentu dari lalat buah Drosophila melanogaster
dan serangga terkait, kromosom interfase yang direduplikasikan 10 kali, menghasilkan kromosom polytene yang
terlihat di mikroskop cahaya (lihat Gambar 10-31).
■ The sangat Pola pita direproduksi dari polytene
kromosom memungkinkan untuk melokalisasi kloning
DrosophilaDNA pada kromosom Drosophila oleh in situ
hibridisasi (Gambar 10-30) dan untuk memvisualisasikan kromosom
penghapusan dan penyusunan ulang sebagai perubahan dalam pola normal band.
■ Ketika metafase kromosom decondense selama interfase , daerah-daerah tertentu, disebut heterochromatin, tetap
jauh lebih kental daripada sebagian besar kromatin, yang disebut
eukromatin.
■ Tiga jenis urutan DNA yang diperlukan untuk panjang
molekul DNA linier berfungsi sebagai kromosom: asal replikasi, disebut ARSin ragi; sentromer (CEN) urut; dan dua telomer (TEL) urutan di ujung
DNA (lihat Gambar 10-32).
■ fragmen DNA hingga 10
6
pasangan basa panjang dapat dikloning
dalam ragi kromosom buatan (YAC) vektor
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