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The library media specialists have made a connection between the scopeand sequence and the research process. Figure 5.2 (see pp. 62–64) shows howthe skills and the process are related. The first column is the research process;the second column is the information literacy activity. In the first column 1TD means Step 1—Task Definition in the Big6 process. Like wise, 2ISS is Step2—Information Seeking Strategies; 4UofI is Step 4—Use of Information;5Syn is Step 5—Synthesis; and 6Eval is Step 6—Evaluation. The absence ofany objectives associated with step 3, location and access, does not mean thisstep is totally ignored. As appropriate the library media specialist will instruct and reinforce this skill.In the second example, the Lincoln Public Schools, has also made a connection between information literacy skills and the Big6, but the format is different. The skills have been divided into four areas:• Orientation to information re sources• Selection and utilization of resources• Organization and presentation of information• Information and literature appreciationSpecific skills have been listed in each of the four areas for gradesPre-K–2, 3–5, 6–8, and 9–12. Following are exam ples from the skills for Orientation to Information Resources. The learner• Knows that resources can be obtained for pleasure and for information from various locations(school library media centers and public libraries, online, community, etc.)• Identifies and locates appropriate materials and hardware thatmeet his/her needs.• Knows that there are tools available that organize information for location (card online catalog, home page, etc.)• Knows the various types of library media center hard ware and software and online resources used in gathering information.• Uses library catalog independently to locate materials by author, title, or subject.• Applies knowledge that the periodical section consists of magazines for pleasure reading and other materials that provide current information.• Knows that the purpose of the Dewey Decimal system is to classify and arrange non fiction materials by subject. (Lin coln,2003, p. 15)In stead of linking a skill with a specific step in the Big6, an InformationLiteracy Research Path was developed, which has three components: research steps, learner strategies, and instructional strategies. The research steps arethe six steps to be followed for informational problem solving, with explanations and action verbs. For example, under Task Definition students would beguided to think about what needs to be done and what information is needed,and to identify needed information. The learner strategies provide questionsthat the students can ask them selves to help them com plete each of the steps.Here students would identify keywords or concepts and other related topicsand consider what resources might be available, whether the topic was toobroad or too narrow, and what is al ready known. The in structional strategiesare tools or actions to be taught that will help students complete each of the six steps. Here are listed in structional strategies for the library media specialist,including brainstorm, webbing, discuss, create possible questions, model,and list (Lincoln, 2003).ConclusionExamining and selecting a research process is important to the in struction of information literacy skills for a number of reasons. According to Donham and others, a research process helps to• Analyze and break down a process so lessons can be designed to teach it• Provide a common language for communication among library media specialists, teachers, and students• Guide students in the research process• Help library media specialists and teachers monitor what’s taught and what students learn (2001, p. 16)Todd (1995) found that there is value in both a process approach and anin te grated approach to information skills in struction, in other words, a researchprocess along with information literacy skills integrated in other curricula.A research process requires in struction and practice so that it be comes automatic. A resourced-based curriculum provides the best avenue for utilizing a research model. In quiry-based, project-based, or problem-based learning activities require using a research process. When students have a researchmodel to use, learning is perceived as a process rather than a product. Knowing the process model allows students to continue learning after leaving school
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