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IntroductionMathematical deficiencies reviewMathematical proficiency is fundamental to be able to understand and describe a plethora of scientific phenomena. The lack of it in high school education, and its impact on science, has been the focus of much media attention of late (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009a, 2012a, 2012b); furthermore, a recent report from SCORE (Science Community Representing Education), a collaboration of leading science organisations, has revealed that a significant proportion of the mathematical requirements of high school science courses are not assessed, propagating the problem (Science Community Representing Education, 2010). The importance of this has led to the development of several initiatives by the Royal Society of Chemistry to address this concern (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009b, 2009c). Student mathematical proficiency is frequently commented on within the field of chemistry education due to the direct impact it has on the global curricular theme of ‘‘chemical calculations’’. It has been noted by Obande (2003) that issues that students have in mathematics are transferred to the chemistry classroom and with this, difficulties in chemical calculations ensue. Furthermore, research on the difference in performance between the genders in the area of chemical calculations has been attributed to differing mathematical ability. Williams and Jacobson (1990) demonstrate that there are no differences in the achievement of boys and girls in the early years of education; however, in the later stages, boys outperform girls in calculation based curricular areas because of better mathematical understanding. A study by Lazonby et al.(1982) into the impact of problem solving skills in chemistry calculations indicates that students’ inability to perform a series of basic mathematical operations is significantly damaging to their overall performance. Leopold and Edgar (2008) have similarly demonstrated the relationship between mathematical ability and success at undergraduate level chemistry. They note that the basic mathematical ability of non-calculator skills is particularly important. These research findings begin to highlight the criticality of basic mathematical proficiency.There is an opposing camp of thought who argue that the major contributory factor is not student mathematical ability.When examining stoichiometric calculations, Gabel and Sherwood (1984) commented that underachievement was linked to poor understanding of the basic concepts of the topic.They identified that the use of the word ‘‘mole’’ was a confusing factor for students due to a lack of understanding of its meaning. A linguistic argument was put forward by Novick and Menis (1976) in that they identified the phonetic similarity between the word ‘‘mole’’ and ‘‘molecule’’ or ‘‘molecular’’ to be a significant source of confusion. The lack of understanding of the mole concept is not just restricted to students; it has been suggested by Stro¨mdahl et al. (1994) that through IUPAC’s (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) numerous alterations to the definition of the mole, even scientists and educators possess misconceptions.
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