system capacity in low-income countries to prepare for, cope with, and terjemahan - system capacity in low-income countries to prepare for, cope with, and Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

system capacity in low-income count

system capacity in low-income countries to prepare for, cope with, and recover as far as possible from the
health effects of climate change that do occur could be partly addressed by equitable partnerships between
high-income and low-income countries.
The health community has a role in the promotion of policies to reduce emissions of all climate-active pollutants,
both because many of these pollutants are health hazards now and because all push the climate towards
possible extremes within this century. Major reductions in mortality would ensue from measures to reduce
combustion of carbon-containing fuel and consequent carbon dioxide and fine particle emissions, for example
by curbing coal combustion. Furthermore, there are co-benefits for both health and climate from actions to
reduce short-lived climate pollutants, such as black carbon and methane, the second most important
greenhouse gas and the primary precursor to ozone in the lower atmosphere. 8,9 Provision of wider access to
reproductive health services could also reduce carbon dioxide emissions over the century and improve maternal
and child health.10
Wise policies to develop low-emission economies that use the full range of available technological options
would provide many societal benefits and only have moderate impacts on economic growth projections.9
Nevertheless, such changes tend to be opposed by those with a stake in current economic pathways.
The burden of disease and injury due to climate change falls mainly on specific vulnerable groups, particularly
those living in poverty. Vulnerability to climate change is in many cases inversely related to historical
greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the responsibility for leading policies to reduce these emissions should be
shouldered by those nations and commercial interests that have enjoyed the benefits of fossil-fuel-driven
development. Since emerging economies are responsible for a growing proportion of emissions, however, they
too must move towards development with low greenhouse gas emissions, which some are starting to do.
The timescale is daunting but not a reason for inaction: the health community needs to argue for a long-term
perspective on climate change. Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
states that the objective is to avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference with the Earth's climate. 11 Without
decisive action this objective cannot be achieved. The world's carbon budget to keep global increases in
temperature below 2°C is likely to be exceeded by 2040.9
Society must, therefore, enhance efforts to adapt to
reduce adverse effects on human health, particularly for the most vulnerable. The prospect of extreme climates
beyond mid-century, however, should impel the health community to promote deep cuts in emissions of climate-
active pollutants now for the long-term protection of human welfare, starting with co-benefit actions that protect
both health and climate.
The authors were members of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report
and contributed to chapter 11 on human health. This Comment represents their own views and not necessarily
those of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
References
1 TF Stocker, D Qin, G-K Plattner, IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: the Physical Science Basis. Contribution
of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate, 2013,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
2 K Riahi, V Krey, S Rao, RCP-8.5: exploring the consequence of high emission trajectories, Climatic Change,
Vol. 109, 2011, 33-57
3 S Sherwood, M Huber, An adaptabiity limit to climate change from heat stress, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, Vol.
107, 2010, 9552-9555
4 JP Dunne, RJ Stouffer, JG John, Reductions in labour capacity from heat stress under climate warming, Nat
Climate Change, Vol. 3, 2014, 563-566
5 KR Smith, CD Butler, J Dixon, AC Capon, Healthy people, places and planet: reflections based on Tony
McMichael's four decades of contribution to epidemiological understanding, 2014, ANU E-Press, Canberra,
chapter 34 (in press).
25 November 2014 Page 2 of 4 ProQuest
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Kapasitas sistem di negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah untuk mempersiapkan, mengatasi, dan memulihkan sejauh mungkin dariefek kesehatan dari perubahan iklim yang terjadi dapat diatasi sebagian oleh adil kemitraan antaranegara-negara berpenghasilan tinggi dan berpenghasilan rendah. Kesehatan masyarakat memiliki peran dalam mempromosikan kebijakan untuk mengurangi emisi polutan iklim-aktif semua,karena banyak polusi bahaya kesehatan sekarang dan karena semua mendorong iklim menujumungkin ekstrem dalam abad ini. Utama penurunan angka kematian akan terjadi dari langkah-langkah untuk mengurangipembakaran yang mengandung karbon bahan bakar dan konsekuen karbon dioksida dan emisi partikel halus, misalnyadengan membatasi pembakaran batubara. Selain itu, ada manfaat untuk kesehatan dan iklim dari tindakan untukmengurangi polusi iklim pendek, seperti karbon hitam dan metana, yang kedua paling pentinggas rumah kaca dan prekursor utama ozon di atmosfer lebih rendah. 8,9 penyediaan akses yang lebih luas untukpelayanan kesehatan reproduksi juga dapat mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida selama abad dan meningkatkan ibudan anak health.10Kebijakan-kebijakan yang bijaksana untuk mengembangkan ekonomi emisi rendah yang menggunakan berbagai macam pilihan teknologi yang tersediaakan memberikan banyak manfaat sosial dan hanya memiliki moderat dampak pada pertumbuhan ekonomi projections.9Namun demikian, perubahan tersebut cenderung ditentang oleh mereka dengan saham di jalur ekonomi saat ini. Beban penyakit dan cedera akibat perubahan iklim jatuh terutama pada kelompok rentan tertentu, terutamamereka hidup dalam kemiskinan. Kerentanan terhadap perubahan iklim yang dalam banyak kasus berhubungan terbalik untuk sejarahemisi gas rumah kaca. Dengan demikian, tanggung jawab utama kebijakan untuk mengurangi emisi ini harusdipikul oleh bangsa-bangsa tersebut dan kepentingan komersial yang telah menikmati manfaat dari fosil-bahan bakar-drivenpengembangan. Karena negara-negara berkembang bertanggung jawab untuk proporsi yang tumbuh dari emisi, namun, merekajuga harus bergerak menuju pembangunan dengan emisi gas rumah kaca yang rendah, yang beberapa mulai melakukan. Skala waktu menakutkan tapi bukan alasan untuk tidak bertindak: kebutuhan kesehatan masyarakat untuk berdebat untuk jangka panjangperspektif perubahan iklim. Pasal 2 dari konvensi kerangka kerja PBB mengenai perubahan iklimmenyatakan bahwa tujuan adalah untuk menghindari berbahaya antropogenik gangguan iklim bumi. 11 tanpatindakan tegas tujuan ini tidak dapat dicapai. Di dunia karbon anggaran untuk menjaga global meningkatsuhu di bawah 2° C mungkin boleh dilampaui oleh 2040.9 Masyarakat harus, karena itu, meningkatkan upaya untuk beradaptasi denganmengurangi efek yang merugikan pada kesehatan manusia, khususnya bagi yang paling rentan. Prospek iklim yang ekstrimmelampaui abad pertengahan, namun, harus mendorong kesehatan masyarakat untuk mempromosikan pemotongan emisi iklim-aktif polutan sekarang untuk perlindungan jangka panjang terhadap kesejahteraan manusia, dimulai dengan kerjasama menguntungkan tindakan yang melindungiKesehatan dan iklim. Penulis adalah anggota Panel Antarpemerintah PBB tentang perubahan iklim kelima Assessment Reportdan memberikan kontribusi kepada bab 11 pada kesehatan manusia. Komentar ini mewakili pandangan mereka sendiri dan tidak selaluorang-orang dari Panel Antarpemerintah PBB tentang perubahan iklim. Referensi 1 TF Stocker, D Qin, G-K Plattner, IPCC, 2013: perubahan iklim 2013: dasar ilmu fisik. KontribusiKelompok kerja saya penilaian kelima melaporkan dari Panel Antarpemerintah pada iklim, 2013,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2 K Riahi, V Krey, S Rao RCP-8.5: menjelajahi konsekuensi dari emisi tinggi lintasan, perubahan iklim,Vol. 109, 2011, 33-57 3 S Sherwood, Huber M, adaptabiity batas iklim perubahan dari panas stres, Proc Natl itu Sci USA, Vol.107, 2010, 9552-9555 4 JP Dunne, RJ Stouffer, JG John pengurangan dalam tenaga kerja kapasitas dari panas stres di bawah iklim pemanasan, NatPerubahan iklim, Vol. 3, 2014, 563-566 5 KR Smith, CD Butler, J Dixon, AC Capon, orang yang sehat, tempat dan planet: refleksi berdasarkan TonyMcMichael di empat dekade kontribusi epidemiologi pemahaman, 2014, ANU E-Press, Canberra,Bab 34 (dalam pers). 25 November 2014 halaman 2 dari 4 ProQuest
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system capacity in low-income countries to prepare for, cope with, and recover as far as possible from the
health effects of climate change that do occur could be partly addressed by equitable partnerships between
high-income and low-income countries.
The health community has a role in the promotion of policies to reduce emissions of all climate-active pollutants,
both because many of these pollutants are health hazards now and because all push the climate towards
possible extremes within this century. Major reductions in mortality would ensue from measures to reduce
combustion of carbon-containing fuel and consequent carbon dioxide and fine particle emissions, for example
by curbing coal combustion. Furthermore, there are co-benefits for both health and climate from actions to
reduce short-lived climate pollutants, such as black carbon and methane, the second most important
greenhouse gas and the primary precursor to ozone in the lower atmosphere. 8,9 Provision of wider access to
reproductive health services could also reduce carbon dioxide emissions over the century and improve maternal
and child health.10
Wise policies to develop low-emission economies that use the full range of available technological options
would provide many societal benefits and only have moderate impacts on economic growth projections.9
Nevertheless, such changes tend to be opposed by those with a stake in current economic pathways.
The burden of disease and injury due to climate change falls mainly on specific vulnerable groups, particularly
those living in poverty. Vulnerability to climate change is in many cases inversely related to historical
greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the responsibility for leading policies to reduce these emissions should be
shouldered by those nations and commercial interests that have enjoyed the benefits of fossil-fuel-driven
development. Since emerging economies are responsible for a growing proportion of emissions, however, they
too must move towards development with low greenhouse gas emissions, which some are starting to do.
The timescale is daunting but not a reason for inaction: the health community needs to argue for a long-term
perspective on climate change. Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
states that the objective is to avoid dangerous anthropogenic interference with the Earth's climate. 11 Without
decisive action this objective cannot be achieved. The world's carbon budget to keep global increases in
temperature below 2°C is likely to be exceeded by 2040.9
Society must, therefore, enhance efforts to adapt to
reduce adverse effects on human health, particularly for the most vulnerable. The prospect of extreme climates
beyond mid-century, however, should impel the health community to promote deep cuts in emissions of climate-
active pollutants now for the long-term protection of human welfare, starting with co-benefit actions that protect
both health and climate.
The authors were members of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report
and contributed to chapter 11 on human health. This Comment represents their own views and not necessarily
those of the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
References
1 TF Stocker, D Qin, G-K Plattner, IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: the Physical Science Basis. Contribution
of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate, 2013,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
2 K Riahi, V Krey, S Rao, RCP-8.5: exploring the consequence of high emission trajectories, Climatic Change,
Vol. 109, 2011, 33-57
3 S Sherwood, M Huber, An adaptabiity limit to climate change from heat stress, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, Vol.
107, 2010, 9552-9555
4 JP Dunne, RJ Stouffer, JG John, Reductions in labour capacity from heat stress under climate warming, Nat
Climate Change, Vol. 3, 2014, 563-566
5 KR Smith, CD Butler, J Dixon, AC Capon, Healthy people, places and planet: reflections based on Tony
McMichael's four decades of contribution to epidemiological understanding, 2014, ANU E-Press, Canberra,
chapter 34 (in press).
25 November 2014 Page 2 of 4 ProQuest
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