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B. Layanan toko: tenaga kerja intensitas — tinggi interaksidan kustomisasiC. Misa Jasa: tenaga kerja tinggi intensitas — rendah interaksidan kustomisasiD. layanan profesional: tenaga kerja tinggi intensitas — tinggi interac¬tion dan kustomisasiTrue to the concept of new game strategies, service firms have gained competitive advantages by being innovative and breaking traditional molds. The restaurant business (ser¬vice shop) was revolutionized by fast-food restaurants (ser¬vice factory), and the traditional commercial banking indus¬try (mass service) by some banks offering certain seg¬ments, financial and investment advice at the individual cus¬tomer level (professional service). Inevitably, successful new game strategies necessitate a reassessment of pre¬sumed relationships between key variables and resource deployment patterns viewed as normatively conducive to su¬perior performance. 6. The sustainability of a firm's competitive advantages are also impacted by imperfectly competitive markets for skills and resources, luck, and suboptimal decisions made by com¬petitors. It was pointed out previously that spatial preemp¬tion of a strategic resource such as geographic locations for installation of ATMs can be a source of competitive ad¬vantage and above-normal profits if the price paid for the re¬source is lower than the benefits derived from it. However, if the market for the resource were perfectly competitive, the price of the resource would be bid up until it was equal to the net present value of its future above-normal benefits. This point of view implies that the achievement of SCA and, consequently, above-normal profits depends crucially on the presence of imperfections in the market for skills and resources. If the markets are perfect, the prices of re-sources/skills are bid up and the above-normal profits are competed away. The presence of imperfectly competitive markets for resources and skills can occur under the fol¬lowing conditions: (1) some firms are better informed or have special insights than competitors about the future value of a strategy and (2) firms that achieve competitive ad¬vantage are lucky (Barney 1986b). For example, at the end of World War II, two major competitors, Sears and Montgomery Ward, were more or less of the same size. Sears envisioned that the end of the war would stimulate pent-up demand for goods and services and invested heav¬ily in the expansion of its retail and catalogue operations.16 Montgomery Ward, in contrast, envisioned that the end of the war would be followed by a period of austerity and went on a rampant cost-cutting program. Here, a better in-formed firm (Sears) was able to gain a competitive advan¬tage in the absence of its principal competitor (Montgom¬ery Ward) pursuing a similar strategy and bidding up the price of critical resources/skills.Mengingat bahwa keberuntungan adalah di luar kendali manajer, terbuka strategi alternatif kepada mereka adalah untuk menjadi lebih baik dalam terbentuk daripada pesaing mereka. Dua cara untuk mencapai ini adalah analisis (1) lingkungan dan (2) organisasi anal-ysis. Barney (1986b) berpendapat bahwa analisis lingkungan kurang cenderung sistematis menghasilkan advan-tages istimewa karena metode yang tersedia di pub-16The pertanyaan apakah Sears memiliki wawasan khusus atau hanya beruntung sangat relevan di sini. Namun, masalah-masalah yang sedang melanda perusahaan yang tidak masalah. domain kebohongan. Analisis organisasi, sebaliknya, yang didasarkan pada informasi internal perusahaan dan tidak tersedia untuk kompetisi, ini lebih mungkin untuk menghasilkan advan-tages istimewa. Prahalad dan Hamel's (1990) pemeriksaan mulai-egies yang diadopsi oleh NEC bangunan yang "inti competen¬cies" adalah contoh dalam genre ini. Perusahaan mungkin lebih baik mengandalkan seperti analisis organisasi, daripada depend¬ing pada teknik-teknik yang tersedia untuk umum untuk mengidentifikasi sumber keunggulan kompetitif.Selain keberadaan dengan tidak sempurna competi¬tive pasar untuk keterampilan dan sumber daya, dan/atau keberuntungan, faktor-faktor tertentu lainnya di lingkungan pasar yang bisa juga berdampak pada keberlanjutan sumber keunggulan kompetitif (Amit dan Schoemaker 1993). Telah diusulkan bahwa munculnya teknologi baru, tren ekonomi dan politik, tindakan-tindakan yang kompetitif, dan perubahan dalam pref¬erences konsumen dapat menyebabkan manajer untuk mendekati masa depan program Aksi dengan "cukup bias, ilusi dan suboptimal ity" (Kahneman, Slovic, dan Tversky 1982; Amit dan Sch-oemaker 1993). Kehadiran ketidakpastian juga membuat Manajer memegang beragam harapan tentang potensi kembali berubah dari sumber kompetitif advantage.17 Schoe¬maker (1992) menguraikan metodologi untuk menghubungkan visi strate¬gic perusahaan dengan kemampuan inti dalam pres¬ence pasar ketidakpastian dan masa depan yang tak terduga.KesimpulanDalam sebuah artikel baru memberikan penilaian layanan pemasaran dan manajemen sastra mencakup 15 tahun pe¬riod, Swartz, Bowen, dan Brown (1992, mukasurat 17) menyoroti kebutuhan untuk mengembangkan teori-teori kontingensi market¬ing layanan dan manajemen:Several scholars have invested much energy in analyzing the variance between the manufacturing and service sec-tors.... However, it is now time to invest more energy in an¬alyzing the substantial variance within the service sec-tor....The research requirement, then, is to develop and test propositions about what marketing and management practices are effective for certain types of services under certain conditions.The contingency model of SCA in service industries and propositions presented here partially address the re¬search needs highlighted by these authors. Building on ex¬tant literature, the proposed model provides insights into the moderating effects of the characteristics of services, ser¬vice industries, and firms within an industry on the skills and resources underlying a service business's competitive positional advantage. However, for many of the constructs presented in the model (e.g., brand equity, communication goods effect, and spatial preemption), psychometric scales are not currently available. Development and validation of psychometric scales for these constructs and empirical test¬ing and further refinement of the proposed model constitute promising future research directions."For a more detailed exposition of this viewpoint, see recent literature on behavior decision theory (Amit and Schoemaker 1993; Klayman and Sch¬oemaker 1992; Schoemaker 1990; Zajac and Bazerman 1991). 96 / Journal of Marketing, October 1993Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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