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The Internet Journal Language, Culture and SocietyURL: http://aaref.com.au/en/publications/journal/ISSN 1327-774X© LSC-2013 Page 101Issue 36Identifying Changing in Indonesian Values and its Impact to IndonesianConsumer BehaviorSabrina O. SihombingUniversitas Pelita HarapanAbstractIn the past Indonesian people were taught in school or by their families several traditional values suchas harmoni (harmony), toleransi (tolerance), keagamaan (religiosity), and gotong-royong (mutual assistance).However, these values have changed mainly because of globalization. This article addressesthe value changes in Indonesian people. More than 2,000 open-ended questionnaires weredistributed to respondents in four big cities in Indonesia: Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, and Surabaya.A total of 1209 usable questionnaires were used to identify Indonesian values today. The result showsthat gotong royong (mutual assistance), demokrasi (democracy), agama (religion), harmoni (harmony),ramah-tamah (hospitality), fanatisme keagamaan (religious fanaticism), and individualisme (individualism)are today’s Indonesian values. Changing values is considered as one main factor ofchanging consumer behavior.Keywords: Indonesian values, changing values, consumer behaviorIntroductionLittle research has been conducted to understand Indonesian values. Values that have been taught inschools or in family are Indonesian holds harmoni (harmony), toleransi (tolerance), keagamaan (religiosity),and gotong-royong (mutual assistance) as Indonesian values. However, many things arechanging as a result of globalization and technology. In the specific, society’s values change continuously(Arnett, 2002; Blackwell et al., 2007). Change in values will affect people behavior. Therefore,this research aims to understand the current values of Indonesian people at this time.Literature ReviewValues and consumer behaviorThere are a number of definitions of values. Despite the fact that value is one important construct insocial science research, there is no consensus in the literature about the definition of value (Lombaert,2003; Firth, 1953). Furthermore, Lombaert (2003) examined 4000 articles on values, about 170definitions of word value emerged. He pointed out that value is a vague term which refers to a fundamentalaspiration of the human person for living a society. Another researcher, Zetterberg (1998) alsopointed out that the term "value" has many meanings. For example, the term value in market researchcan be associated with “value for money" and "consumer values".The word value is also often easy to say but hard to explain (Firth, 1953). The word value is also oftenconnoted as something good, valuable, dignified, and positive connotation. Instead, what is theopposite is called as non value or disvalue. Some people called negative values for all negativevalues, and the word “values’ refer to positive things (Bertens, 2007).The concept of value is one important variable to human life because values influence all aspects ofhuman life (Rokeach, 1973 cited by Wang et al., 1994). Values provide guidelines to live in a society(Schwartz, 1999) and values provide answer to basic and universal questions such as ‘what do I do?’(Zhou et al., 2011). Hofstede (1994) pointed out that values are among the first children learned.Since the age of 10, most children have their basic value systems. Values are acquired through thefamily, neighborhood, experience, and lifestyle (Karahanna et al., 2005). Furthermore, different cultureswill provide different values. For instance, Western values are characterized by ‘separateness’.The Internet Journal Language, Culture and SocietyURL: http://aaref.com.au/en/publications/journal/ISSN 1327-774X© LSC-2013 Page 102Issue 36In other words, western people are relatively independent and individualistic. On the other hand, nonwesternvalues are more interdependent and collective (Evans et al., 2009).Grunert and Scherhorn (1990, cited by Wang et al., 1994) identified five features of personal values.Values were described as 1) concepts or beliefs, 2) about desirable behaviors and/or end states 3)that go beyond specific situations, 4) guide the selection or evaluation of events and behaviors, and 5)are ordered by a certain hierarchical importance.Changing values and empirical evidence of changing valuesGlobalization is one of the main factors that contribute to value changes (Cozma, 2011). There areseveral studies that provide the value changes around the world. For example, Indonesian peoplewere known as a tolerant society with the main foundation of Bhineka Tunggal Ika (unity in diversity).However, Indonesian people now becoming aggressive and anarchistic toward differences. Moreover,group or individual interests are more important than common interest (Rahayu, 2012; www.uii.ac.id,2012; Calam & Sobirin, 2008). Another example, Bibby (1995, cited by McGregor, 2000) stated thatthree quarters
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