Governance and has quite a large effect on corporate agency cost and m terjemahan - Governance and has quite a large effect on corporate agency cost and m Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Governance and has quite a large ef



Governance and has quite a large effect on corporate agency cost and market value. Recently, many economists and financial analysts have verified that it would be helpful for reducing corporate agency cost by means of improving managers’ shareholding ratio, debt/equity ratio and ownership concentration respectively.
Previous researches mostly analyzes the relationship between capital structure and corporate performance due to difficulties in measuring agency cost when they are doing empirical researches on this issue. It should also be noticed that ownership structure plays an important role in capital structure and related researches are more concentrated on relationship between ownership structure and corporate performance especially internal shareholding ratio and firm’s performance. Such literatures do exist which directly analyzes ownership structure and agency cost, for example Sung et al. (1994), free cash flow and inferior ownership ratio are used to measure agency cost in this paper, it draws a conclusion that issuing risk protective bond has much more positive effect than issuing non-risk protective bond on shareholder wealth. At the same time, because shareholder wealth has negative correlation with agency cost, it can be deduced that agency cost could be reduced by event risk provision and shareholder wealth would be added naturally. Ang et al (2000) figures out agency cost could be replaced by administrative expenses rate ratio (administrative expense /turnover) and assets activity ratio (turnover/total asset). It suggests that agency cost will arise when there is only external managers but not internal managers; shareholding ratio has negative correlation with agency cost; numbers of non-managerial shareholder has positive correlation with agency cost; agency cost will go down under effective supervision of banks. Singh and Davidson (2003) select huge companies data as sample to do similar research. More over, Anderson et al.
(2003) begins to discuss how original race ownership would affect debt agency cost and it figures out original race ownership are quite popular in huge public companies and it was helpful for allaying conflict between shareholders and creditors.
The common point of the above literatures is: optimal capital structure will improve the efficiency of corporate governance, alleviate contradictory between client and agent. It could also restrain moral hazard of agent, decrease agency cost and eventually increase firm value. However, they do all the researches are under complete competition market and rational investment hypothesis together with contract theory of capital structure. They believe all of the agency cost would be undertaken by agent (Arrow, 1986). Obviously, it is unreasonable, in fact, clients have to control moral hazard and related agency cost by themselves.
Such researches done by Chinese domestic researchers make use of administrative expense ratio and total asset turnover to estimate agency cost between shareholders and managers, which is used to analyze the effect on agency cost. Looking up Chinese domestic research outcome, we can summarize that the most frequently used indicators are administrative expense ratio and total asset turnover as the substitution of agency cost.
Song et al. (2005) found out agency cost had negative correlation with ownership concentration and had positive correlation with ownership balance. Zhang et al. (2005) believes that managers’ shareholding ratio had obviously negative correlation with ownership agency cost; state owned ratio and circulation ratio were strongly positive correlated with ownership agency cost; debt ratio and legal person share ratio and the first major shareholders did not have negative correlation. Characters of final controller does not influence firm’s agency cost positively but negatively according to Tang xue song and Zhou xiao su (2005). In Ge bang liang and Jiang mei fang
(2010)’s paper, the authors figure out ownership concentration have nothing with agency cost but positively correlated with total asset turnover, fixed leverage ratio are negatively correlated with total asset turnover but capital structure are positively correlated with administrative expenses rate.
Based on the above Chinese domestic research conclusions we can find out, due to restrictive data and difficulties in determining agency cost, they are divided into 2 categories: firstly, they adopt traditional research methodology starting from current situation of Chinese listed companies capital structure on the basis of contract theory to deduce the effect on agency cost and propose relative countermeasures (Zhu ye, 2003). The other kind of researchers mainly make use of modern empirical methodology to indirectly judge how capital structure affects agency cost by means of testing firm’s performance.
Many financial indicators have already been used to discuss such issue, such as ownership structure, board features. They partially explained the effect on agency cost and many empirical researches seldomly used panel data which could probably fully evaluate firm’s agency cost. This paper tries to adopt 2 long term solvency indicators to reflect capital structure and 2 variables to estimate agency cost. Panel data is also used to analyze the relationship between them, hopefully, it could provide feasible suggestion to Chinese listed companies of optimizing corporate governance.
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Tata Kelola dan memiliki efek cukup besar pada biaya agen perusahaan dan nilai pasar. Baru-baru ini, banyak ekonom dan analis keuangan telah memverifikasi bahwa itu akan membantu untuk mengurangi biaya agen perusahaan dengan cara meningkatkan manajer saham rasio, rasio utang ekuitas dan kepemilikan konsentrasi masing-masing.Penelitian sebelumnya sebagian besar menganalisis hubungan antara struktur permodalan dan kinerja perusahaan karena kesulitan dalam mengukur biaya agen ketika mereka melakukan penelitian empiris tentang masalah ini. Ini harus juga diperhatikan bahwa struktur kepemilikan memainkan peran penting dalam struktur modal dan penelitian terkait lebih berkonsentrasi pada hubungan antara struktur kepemilikan dan kinerja perusahaan khususnya internal saham rasio dan kinerja perusahaan. Literatur tersebut memang ada yang langsung menganalisa kepemilikan struktur dan agen biaya, misalnya Sung et al. (1994), arus kas bebas dan rendah kepemilikan rasio digunakan untuk mengukur biaya agen dalam karya ini, ia menarik kesimpulan yang mengeluarkan Obligasi pelindung risiko telah jauh lebih positif efek daripada penerbitan obligasi pelindung bebas-risiko pada kekayaan pemegang saham. Pada saat yang sama, karena kekayaan pemegang saham memiliki korelasi negatif dengan biaya agen, dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa badan biaya dapat dikurangi dengan acara risiko penyediaan dan kekayaan pemegang saham akan ditambahkan secara alami. Ang et al (2000) angka keluar biaya badan bisa diganti dengan biaya administrasi tingkat rasio (biaya administrasi /turnover) dan aset kegiatan rasio (omset total aset). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa biaya agen akan muncul ketika hanya ada eksternal manajer tetapi tidak internal Manajer; saham rasio memiliki korelasi negatif dengan biaya agen; jumlah pemegang saham non-manajer memiliki korelasi positif dengan biaya agen; biaya badan akan pergi di bawah efektifitas pelaksanaan pengawasan bank. Singh dan Davidson (2003) pilih data perusahaan-perusahaan besar sebagai contoh untuk melakukan penelitian serupa. Lebih, Anderson et al.(2003) mulai membahas bagaimana asli ras kepemilikan akan mempengaruhi biaya agen utang dan angka keluar asli ras kepemilikan cukup populer di perusahaan-perusahaan umum yang besar dan itu membantu untuk allaying konflik antara pemegang saham dan kreditur.Titik umum literatur di atas adalah: struktur permodalan yang optimal akan meningkatkan efisiensi corporate governance, mengurangi kontradiktif antara klien dan agen. Itu bisa juga menahan moral hazard dari agen, mengurangi biaya agen dan akhirnya meningkatkan nilai perusahaan. Namun, mereka melakukan semua penelitian-penelitian sedang lengkap kompetisi pasar dan investasi rasional hipotesis bersama-sama dengan teori kontrak struktur permodalan. Mereka percaya semua biaya agen akan dilakukan oleh agen (Panah, 1986). Jelas, itu tidak masuk akal, sebenarnya, klien harus mengontrol bahaya moral dan lembaga terkait biaya sendiri.Penelitian-penelitian tersebut dilakukan oleh peneliti domestik Cina membuat penggunaan biaya administrasi rasio dan total perputaran aset untuk memperkirakan biaya agen antara pemegang saham dan manajer, yang digunakan untuk menganalisis efek di lembaga biaya. Mencari hasil penelitian domestik Cina, kita bisa meringkas bahwa indikator yang paling sering digunakan adalah rasio biaya administrasi dan omset total aset sebagai substitusi dari biaya agen.Lagu et al. (2005) menemukan badan biaya memiliki korelasi negatif dengan kepemilikan konsentrasi dan memiliki korelasi positif dengan kepemilikan keseimbangan. Zhang et al. (2005) percaya bahwa manajer saham rasio memiliki korelasi yang jelas negatif dengan kepemilikan badan biaya; negara dimiliki rasio dan sirkulasi rasio yang sangat positif berkorelasi dengan kepemilikan badan biaya; Rasio hutang dan hukum orang berbagi rasio dan pemegang saham utama yang pertama tidak memiliki korelasi negatif. Karakter final controller tidak mempengaruhi perusahaan agen biaya positif tetapi negatif Tang xue song dan Zhou xiao su (2005). Di Ge bang liang dan Jiang mei fangkertas (2010), penulis mengetahui konsentrasi kepemilikan tidak ada badan biaya tetapi berkorelasi positif dengan omset total aset, rasio leverage tetap negatif berkorelasi dengan total aset omset tapi struktur permodalan positif berkorelasi dengan tingkat biaya administrasi.Berdasarkan penelitian domestik Cina di atas kesimpulan kita dapat menemukan, karena data yang ketat dan kesulitan dalam menentukan biaya agen, dibagi menjadi 2 Kategori: pertama, mereka mengadopsi metodologi penelitian tradisional mulai dari situasi saat ini struktur modal Cina perusahaan terdaftar berdasarkan teori kontrak untuk menyimpulkan efek pada biaya agen dan mengusulkan penanggulangan relatif (Zhu kamu2003). Jenis lain peneliti terutama membuat penggunaan modern empiris metodologi untuk menilai secara tidak langsung bagaimana permodalan mempengaruhi biaya agen melalui pengujian kinerja perusahaan.Banyak indikator keuangan sudah telah digunakan untuk membahas masalah tersebut, seperti struktur kepemilikan, fitur papan. Mereka sebagian menjelaskan efek pada biaya agen dan banyak penelitian empiris seldomly digunakan panel data yang mungkin sepenuhnya bisa mengevaluasi biaya agen perusahaan. Tulisan ini mencoba untuk mengadopsi 2 indikator solvabilitas jangka panjang untuk mencerminkan struktur modal dan 2 variabel untuk memperkirakan biaya agen. Panel data juga digunakan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara mereka, mudah-mudahan, bisa memberikan saran yang layak untuk perusahaan terdaftar Cina mengoptimalkan tata kelola perusahaan.
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Governance and has quite a large effect on corporate agency cost and market value. Recently, many economists and financial analysts have verified that it would be helpful for reducing corporate agency cost by means of improving managers’ shareholding ratio, debt/equity ratio and ownership concentration respectively.
Previous researches mostly analyzes the relationship between capital structure and corporate performance due to difficulties in measuring agency cost when they are doing empirical researches on this issue. It should also be noticed that ownership structure plays an important role in capital structure and related researches are more concentrated on relationship between ownership structure and corporate performance especially internal shareholding ratio and firm’s performance. Such literatures do exist which directly analyzes ownership structure and agency cost, for example Sung et al. (1994), free cash flow and inferior ownership ratio are used to measure agency cost in this paper, it draws a conclusion that issuing risk protective bond has much more positive effect than issuing non-risk protective bond on shareholder wealth. At the same time, because shareholder wealth has negative correlation with agency cost, it can be deduced that agency cost could be reduced by event risk provision and shareholder wealth would be added naturally. Ang et al (2000) figures out agency cost could be replaced by administrative expenses rate ratio (administrative expense /turnover) and assets activity ratio (turnover/total asset). It suggests that agency cost will arise when there is only external managers but not internal managers; shareholding ratio has negative correlation with agency cost; numbers of non-managerial shareholder has positive correlation with agency cost; agency cost will go down under effective supervision of banks. Singh and Davidson (2003) select huge companies data as sample to do similar research. More over, Anderson et al.
(2003) begins to discuss how original race ownership would affect debt agency cost and it figures out original race ownership are quite popular in huge public companies and it was helpful for allaying conflict between shareholders and creditors.
The common point of the above literatures is: optimal capital structure will improve the efficiency of corporate governance, alleviate contradictory between client and agent. It could also restrain moral hazard of agent, decrease agency cost and eventually increase firm value. However, they do all the researches are under complete competition market and rational investment hypothesis together with contract theory of capital structure. They believe all of the agency cost would be undertaken by agent (Arrow, 1986). Obviously, it is unreasonable, in fact, clients have to control moral hazard and related agency cost by themselves.
Such researches done by Chinese domestic researchers make use of administrative expense ratio and total asset turnover to estimate agency cost between shareholders and managers, which is used to analyze the effect on agency cost. Looking up Chinese domestic research outcome, we can summarize that the most frequently used indicators are administrative expense ratio and total asset turnover as the substitution of agency cost.
Song et al. (2005) found out agency cost had negative correlation with ownership concentration and had positive correlation with ownership balance. Zhang et al. (2005) believes that managers’ shareholding ratio had obviously negative correlation with ownership agency cost; state owned ratio and circulation ratio were strongly positive correlated with ownership agency cost; debt ratio and legal person share ratio and the first major shareholders did not have negative correlation. Characters of final controller does not influence firm’s agency cost positively but negatively according to Tang xue song and Zhou xiao su (2005). In Ge bang liang and Jiang mei fang
(2010)’s paper, the authors figure out ownership concentration have nothing with agency cost but positively correlated with total asset turnover, fixed leverage ratio are negatively correlated with total asset turnover but capital structure are positively correlated with administrative expenses rate.
Based on the above Chinese domestic research conclusions we can find out, due to restrictive data and difficulties in determining agency cost, they are divided into 2 categories: firstly, they adopt traditional research methodology starting from current situation of Chinese listed companies capital structure on the basis of contract theory to deduce the effect on agency cost and propose relative countermeasures (Zhu ye, 2003). The other kind of researchers mainly make use of modern empirical methodology to indirectly judge how capital structure affects agency cost by means of testing firm’s performance.
Many financial indicators have already been used to discuss such issue, such as ownership structure, board features. They partially explained the effect on agency cost and many empirical researches seldomly used panel data which could probably fully evaluate firm’s agency cost. This paper tries to adopt 2 long term solvency indicators to reflect capital structure and 2 variables to estimate agency cost. Panel data is also used to analyze the relationship between them, hopefully, it could provide feasible suggestion to Chinese listed companies of optimizing corporate governance.
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