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Multi level converters can be used to interface with renewable energy and/or distributed energy resources because several batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, wind turbines, and micro turbines can be connected through a multilevel converter to supply a load or the ac grid without voltage balancing problems. Nevertheless, the intrinsic characteristics of renewable energy sources might have some trouble with their energy source utilization; for instance, fuelcell energysources have some problems associated with their V-I characteristics. The static V-I characteristic offuel cells illustrates more than 30% difference in the output voltage between no-load and full load condition. This unavoidable decrease, caused by internal losses reduces fuel cell utilizationfactor. There fore, a multilevel DC-DC converter might be used to over comethe problem asshown in Figure 31.34. To overcome the fuel cell voltage drop, either voltage regulators have to be connected at the fuel cell outputs or fuel cell voltages have to be monitored and the control signals have to be modified accordingly.
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