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The assumptions that people make about the properties and behaviors of the members of a given category act as cognitive constraints that guide and support, but also constrict their reasoning. These cognitive constraints help us make decisions about what behaviors are possible or not and about what variables are most relevant in determining behavior. These cognitive elements give rise to dynamic but constrained knowledge systems that allow us to generate plausible explanations and make quick decisions when facing a specific task in a particular context (Sloman, 1996; Brown and Hammer, 2008). They allow us to make reasonable, adaptive inferences about the world given limited time and knowledge. They often generate acceptable answers with little effort, but sometimes lead to severe and systematic biases and errors (Keil, 1990; Hatano and Inagaki, 2000).
Paying close attention to the implicit categorization decisions made by students about the nature of relevant entities or phenomena can provide invaluable information about the underlying assumptions that guide their thinking. Nevertheless, different contextual factors and past experiences may affect the features of an object or event that are more salient to an individual at different times or in different contexts, potentially triggering different implicit assumptions in each case. From this perspective, a single individual can exhibit different ways of conceptualizing a system or phenomenon depending on the situation (Mortimer, 1995). These different ways of thinking are often intertwined with different ways of speaking about what is observed or analyzed (Mortimer, 2001). In this paper we use the term ‘‘conceptual modes’’ to refer to the different manners in which a given entity, system, or phenomenon seem to be conceptualized by an individual in different situations or by different individuals with diverse backgrounds. A given conceptual mode is likely supported by a set of interrelated implicit assumptions about the system under consideration.
The extent to which a given conceptual mode is a productive reasoning tool often depends on the situation. For example, one can expect people to think of and talk about ‘‘heat’’ in different ways in different contexts (Mortimer et al., 2014).
A person may ask her child to close the car windows to keep the heat in during a cold day. This way of talking implies thinking of ‘‘heat’’ as a substance that can be stored or contained within an object, a conceptualization that is rather common and productive in communicating with people in daily life. The same person, however, could conceptualize heat as a form of energy transfer when participating in a chemistry class. The ability to switch from one conceptual mode to another in the proper context is likely to depend on expertise in the relevant domain (Gupta et al., 2010). Novice science students have been shown to persistently think of heat as a
substance and struggle to conceptualize it as a dynamic process (Slotta et al., 1995). Eliciting the conceptual modes that individuals with different levels of training commonly apply in different contexts can help us characterize how understanding progresses in a particular area.
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The assumptions that people make about the properties and behaviors of the members of a given category act as cognitive constraints that guide and support, but also constrict their reasoning. These cognitive constraints help us make decisions about what behaviors are possible or not and about what variables are most relevant in determining behavior. These cognitive elements give rise to dynamic but constrained knowledge systems that allow us to generate plausible explanations and make quick decisions when facing a specific task in a particular context (Sloman, 1996; Brown and Hammer, 2008). They allow us to make reasonable, adaptive inferences about the world given limited time and knowledge. They often generate acceptable answers with little effort, but sometimes lead to severe and systematic biases and errors (Keil, 1990; Hatano and Inagaki, 2000).Paying close attention to the implicit categorization decisions made by students about the nature of relevant entities or phenomena can provide invaluable information about the underlying assumptions that guide their thinking. Nevertheless, different contextual factors and past experiences may affect the features of an object or event that are more salient to an individual at different times or in different contexts, potentially triggering different implicit assumptions in each case. From this perspective, a single individual can exhibit different ways of conceptualizing a system or phenomenon depending on the situation (Mortimer, 1995). These different ways of thinking are often intertwined with different ways of speaking about what is observed or analyzed (Mortimer, 2001). In this paper we use the term ‘‘conceptual modes’’ to refer to the different manners in which a given entity, system, or phenomenon seem to be conceptualized by an individual in different situations or by different individuals with diverse backgrounds. A given conceptual mode is likely supported by a set of interrelated implicit assumptions about the system under consideration.The extent to which a given conceptual mode is a productive reasoning tool often depends on the situation. For example, one can expect people to think of and talk about ‘‘heat’’ in different ways in different contexts (Mortimer et al., 2014).A person may ask her child to close the car windows to keep the heat in during a cold day. This way of talking implies thinking of ‘‘heat’’ as a substance that can be stored or contained within an object, a conceptualization that is rather common and productive in communicating with people in daily life. The same person, however, could conceptualize heat as a form of energy transfer when participating in a chemistry class. The ability to switch from one conceptual mode to another in the proper context is likely to depend on expertise in the relevant domain (Gupta et al., 2010). Novice science students have been shown to persistently think of heat as a
substance and struggle to conceptualize it as a dynamic process (Slotta et al., 1995). Eliciting the conceptual modes that individuals with different levels of training commonly apply in different contexts can help us characterize how understanding progresses in a particular area.
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Asumsi bahwa orang membuat tentang sifat-sifat dan perilaku dari para anggota diberikan kategori bertindak sebagai kendala kognitif yang memandu dan dukungan, tetapi juga menyempitkan penalaran mereka. Kendala kognitif membantu kita membuat keputusan tentang apa perilaku yang mungkin atau tidak dan apa variabel yang paling relevan dalam menentukan perilaku. Unsur-unsur kognitif menimbulkan sistem pengetahuan yang dinamis tapi terkendala yang memungkinkan kita untuk menghasilkan penjelasan yang masuk akal dan membuat keputusan yang cepat ketika menghadapi tugas tertentu dalam konteks tertentu (Sloman, 1996; Brown dan Hammer, 2008). Mereka memungkinkan kita untuk membuat wajar, kesimpulan adaptif tentang dunia diberikan waktu dan pengetahuan yang terbatas. Mereka sering menghasilkan jawaban diterima dengan sedikit usaha, tapi kadang-kadang menyebabkan bias parah dan sistematis dan kesalahan (Keil, 1990; Hatano dan Inagaki, 2000).
Memperhatikan dekat dengan keputusan kategorisasi implisit yang dibuat oleh siswa tentang sifat entitas atau fenomena yang relevan dapat memberikan informasi berharga tentang asumsi yang mendasari yang membimbing pemikiran mereka. Namun demikian, faktor-faktor kontekstual yang berbeda dan pengalaman masa lalu dapat mempengaruhi fitur dari suatu obyek atau peristiwa yang lebih penting untuk individu pada waktu yang berbeda atau dalam konteks yang berbeda, berpotensi memicu asumsi implisit yang berbeda dalam setiap kasus. Dari perspektif ini, satu individu dapat menunjukkan cara yang berbeda konseptualisasi sistem atau fenomena tergantung pada situasi (Mortimer, 1995). Ini cara berpikir yang berbeda sering terjalin dengan cara yang berbeda dari berbicara tentang apa yang diamati atau dianalisis (Mortimer, 2001). Dalam makalah ini kami menggunakan istilah '' mode konseptual '' untuk merujuk pada perilaku yang berbeda di mana entitas, sistem, atau fenomena tertentu tampaknya akan dikonsep oleh seorang individu dalam situasi yang berbeda atau oleh individu yang berbeda dengan latar belakang yang beragam. Sebuah modus konseptual diberikan kemungkinan didukung oleh seperangkat asumsi implisit yang saling terkait tentang sistem yang sedang dipertimbangkan.
Sejauh mana mode konseptual yang diberikan adalah alat penalaran produktif sering tergantung pada situasi. Sebagai contoh, seseorang dapat mengharapkan orang untuk memikirkan dan berbicara tentang '' panas '' dengan cara yang berbeda dalam konteks yang berbeda (Mortimer et al., 2014).
Seseorang dapat meminta anaknya untuk menutup jendela mobil untuk menjaga panas di dalam hari yang dingin. Cara ini bicara menyiratkan pemikiran '' panas '' sebagai zat yang dapat disimpan atau terkandung dalam suatu objek, konseptualisasi yang agak umum dan produktif dalam berkomunikasi dengan orang-orang dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Orang yang sama, bagaimanapun, bisa konsep panas sebagai bentuk transfer energi ketika berpartisipasi dalam kelas kimia. Kemampuan untuk beralih dari satu modus konseptual yang lain dalam konteks yang tepat cenderung tergantung pada keahlian dalam domain yang relevan (Gupta et al., 2010). Mahasiswa ilmu pemula telah terbukti terus menerus memikirkan panas sebagai
substansi dan berjuang untuk konsep itu sebagai proses yang dinamis (Slotta et al., 1995). Memunculkan mode konseptual bahwa individu dengan berbagai tingkat pelatihan yang biasa diterapkan dalam konteks yang berbeda dapat membantu kita mencirikan bagaimana pemahaman berlangsung di daerah tertentu.
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