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Multi level converters can be used to interface with renewable energy and/or distributed
energy resources because several batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, wind turbines, and micro
turbines can be connected through a multilevel converter to supply a load or the ac grid without
voltage balancing problems. Nevertheless, the intrinsic characteristics of renewable energy
sources might have some trouble with their energy source utilization; for instance, fuelcell energy
sources have some problems associated with their V-I characteristics. The static V-I characteristic
offuel cells illustrates more than 30% difference in the output voltage between no-load and full
load condition. This unavoidable decrease, caused by internal losses reduces fuel cell utilization
factor. There fore, a multilevel DC-DC converter might be used to over comethe problem as
shown in Figure 31.34. To overcome the fuel cell voltage drop, either voltage regulators have to
be connected at the fuel cell outputs or fuel cell voltages have to be monitored and the control
signals have to be modified accordingly.
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