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In yet another article, Gorsuch (1990) contended that researchers should not developnew scales until a clear need can be established on one of four bases: (1) existing measuresare not psychometrically adequate to the task; (2) conceptual or theoretical issuesdemand modification of existing measures; (3) no existing measures appear useful withina specific clinical population; or (4) there are no measures available for particular constructs.Indeed, modification of existing measures, the second criterion listed above, issometimes necessary in this young and developing field, especially since people’s understandingof religion appears, as noted earlier, to be undergoing change. Furthermore, religiousand spiritual measures designed for clinical populations (the third criterion above)are rare, and new or revised measures for such populations may be necessary. And, surely,with regard to the fourth criterion, there are specific functional or operational relationshipsthat religion and spirituality may have with other variables that call for specific newmeasures (e.g., religious coping with stressful agents). All too often, however, Gorsuch’sadvice has been largely ignored and many new measures, some unnecessarily duplicatingother measures, have been constructed. In fact, since Hill and Hood’s (1999) edited volumereviewing 125 scales, many new scales (some of which are discussed in this chapter)have been developed, perhaps in some cases unnecessarily so.
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